User:Aegon/High Valyrian Tutorial/1-3: Difference between revisions

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| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''kepa''' (1lun.)
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''kepa''' (1lun.)
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''father'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''father'''
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| align="center" colspan="2" |
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| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''dekurūbas''', '''dekurūbare'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''(he/she/it) is walking''', '''walking'''
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Revision as of 13:19, 17 October 2021

Lesson 3| Present Verbs

Note: copy/paste from Latin wikibook to see what it looks like.

Grammatical Introduction to Verbs

This introductory section may be a bit overwhelming;, is an overall look at verbs. The majority of this section will be covered in later chapters. Nevertheless, looking over this chapter may help you to familiarize yourself with verbs.

Verbs are parts of speech which denote action. There are two main forms of verbs in High Valyrian:

• Principal Verbs (the main verb which is found in every sentence. e.g.,: vala dekurūbas = the man is walking)

• Adjectival Verbs (also known as participles, gerunds and gerundives which describe the state of the described noun. e.g.,: vala dekurūbare = the walking man. The verb behaves as an adjective)

Every sentence must have a verb. In a sense, the principal verb is the sentence and all the nouns, adverbs and participles are only describing the scenario of the verb. Thus in High Valyrian this constitutes a sentence:

issa.

If you want to explain 'who' is or exists, you add a nominative substantive:

Daenerys issa.

We now know Daenerys 'is'. What is she? So we add an adjective.

Daenerys sȳz issa.

Now we can see that Daenerys is good; to elaborate further we can add an adverb:

Drīvose Daenerys sȳz issa.

Now we know that Daenerys is 'truly' good.

Vocabulary

Lesson Vocabulary
High Valyrian English
nyke
ao
ziry
ūja
īlon
jeme
pōnta
I
you
he/she/it
he/she/it
we
y'all
they
muña (1lun.) mother
kepa (1lun.) father
dekurūbas, dekurūbare (he/she/it) is walking, walking

Key to Vocabulary:

  • 1lun. = first lunar

Examples

These two examples will demonstrate the difference between an adjectival verb and a principal verb.

The wounded knight went before the queen.
'wounded' is a perfect participle (Adjectival) describing the knight, while 'went' is the principal verb in the sentence.
The changed king sees the light.
'changed' is a perfect participle (Adjectival) describing the king, while 'sees' is the principal verb in the sentence.

Exercises

Answer the following questions:

Personal Endings

Verbs in High Valyrian are inflected to reflect the person who performs the action. English does the same to some extent in the verb to be:

High Valyrian English
iksan I am
iksā You are
issa (He/she/it) is
iksi We are
iksāt You (all) are
issa They are

High Valyrian, however, inflects all verbs, and is much more extensive than English, allowing writers and speakers of High Valyrian to often drop the personal pronoun, as the performer of the action is understood by the formation of the verb. The personal pronoun is only usually added for emphasis. In a way, the ending on High Valyrian verbs are a type of pronoun.

For example, examine the below sentence that introduces the possessive pronoun ñuha (my) and features the vowel lengthening coordination introduced in the first lesson that means and.

[nyke] muñe ñuhe(1) kepē ñuhe jorrāelan.
I love my mother and my father. 'nyke' is an optional personal pronoun.
  • (1) ñuha, my (1lun.). ñuhe, (acc.)

Exercises

Answer the following questions:

Moods

There are several moods. Each has its own uses to convey certain ideas. The most commons moods are:

• Indicative • Subjunctive • Imperative

The two moods we will first learn are the imperative (commands and orders) and the indicative (declarative statements and factual questions).

Exercises

Answer the following questions:

  1. List the most common moods.
  2. What two moods are we going to learn about in this lesson, and what do they let us construct?

|

  1. Indicative, subjunctive (or conjunctive) and imperative.
  2. The moods we are going to learn about first are:
    Imperative: Which we use when we make orders.
    Go away. Fetch me the keys. Do not order me around!
    Indicative: Statements which are declarative, and questions concerning facts.
    John plays football.

}}

Voice

There are two constructions verbs can have regarding voice.

Verbs can have either an active or passive voice.

E.g. 'I smash the car.' 'smash' is an active verb construct.

The passive is used when the nominative is affected by the verb.

E.g. 'The car is smashed by me.' 'is smashed' is a passive construct.

Exercises

  1. What is 'voice'?
  2. What is active voice?
  3. What is passive voice?
  4. Construct a sentence in English using each of these voices.

|

  1. Voice is how a verb is constructed.
  2. When the subject affects the verb
  3. When the nominative is affected by the verb
  4. Ex.- I carried, I am being carried.

}}

Tense

Tense in High Valyrian comprises two parts: TIME and ASPECT. Time reflects when the action is occurring or did occur: past, present, or future. Aspect refers to the nature of the action: simple, completed, or repeated. The "completed" aspect is generally termed "perfective" and repeated aspect "imperfective."

Theoretically, a verb could have nine tenses (combinations of time and aspect). However, High Valyrian only has seven, since some possible combinations are expressed by the same verb forms. High Valyrian tenses do not correspond exactly to English ones.

Below is a rough guide to tense in High Valyrian.


Time
A
S
P
E
C
T
Present Future Past
Simple Present Tense
"I walk"
Future Tense
"I will walk"
Perfect Tense
"I walked"
Imperfective Present Tense
"I am walking"
Future Tense
"I will be walking"
Imperfect Tense
"I was walking"
Perfective Perfect Tense
"I have walked"
N/A
"I will have walked"
Pluperfect Tense
"I had walked"

High Valyrian also has an Aorist tense for expressing ideas of an action always occurring or never-ending and a post habitual tense for expressing an action that "used to" take place.

As is evident, some High Valyrian tenses do "double duty." The High Valyrian Present and Future Tenses can either express simple or progressive aspect. Particularly difficult to grasp is the High Valyrian Perfect tense, which carries a number of stem spelling changes.

Exercises

  1. Copy out the above table.
  2. Study the table.

| Vide (see) the table above. }}