High Valyrian Dictionary

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Abbreviations

acc. accusative case
act. active
adj. adjective
adv. adverb
ambitrans. ambitransitive
aor. aorist
appl. applicative
aq. aquatic
C-fin. consonant-final
col. collective
coll. collective
com. comitative case
comp. comparative
conj. conjunction
dat. dative case
dem. demonstrative
eq. equative
exp. expression
for. foreign
fut. future
gen. genitive case
I class I (first declension)
II class II (second declension)
III class III (third declension)
indecl. indeclinable
inf. infinitive
inst. instrumental case
insv. instrumental passive, instrumentive
int. interrogative
interj. interjection
intrans. intransitive
irreg. irregular
loc. locative, locative case
lun. lunar
n. noun
num. numeral
obl. oblique
part. participle
pass. passive
pauc. paucal
perf. perfect
perh. perhaps
pl. plural
poss. possessive, possibly
postp. postposition
prep. preposition
pres. present
prob. probably
pron. pronoun
prop. proper
relex. relexified
s/o someone
s/t something
s/w somewhere
sg. singular
sol. solar
subst. substantive, substantivized
sup. superlative
ter. terrestrial
trans. transitive
v. verb
V-fin. vowel-final
voc. vocative case
1 first declension/person
2 second declension/person
3 third declension/person
4 fourth declension
5 fifth declension
6 sixth declension
° unexpected gender
triggers (regarding cases and verb forms)

Dictionary

A note about the IPA pronunciation guides here.

  • The pronunciation of v and j can vary significantly (between [v] and [w], and between [j], [ʒ], [dʒ] and [ɟ] respectively). They are simply transcribed here as [v] and [ɟ] for the sake of convenience; this should not be taken as strictly accurate.
  • The letter kh can also be pronounced gh, k or h depending on the speaker, since it is not a native sound.
  • The same happens with th which can vary between t, s or z depending on the speaker.
  • Finally the vowel y should be pronounced [y] but is often realized as [i].

For more detailed information, see High Valyrian Phonology. For charts of related words, see High Valyrian Word Groups.


A

n. 1lun. woman
n. 6col.1lun. life, humanity, all people; womankind, all women, fertility (col. of ābra woman.)
n. 2sol. wife ( < ābra + -zȳrys.)
adj. I female ( < ābra + -enka.)
perfect: aderēdan
v. C-fin. (irreg.) to pay, to fulfill, to satisfy, to make good, object is usually inanimate (originally from adere + -emagon to make smooth.)
Lannister va mōriot zȳha gēlȳnī ademmis. — A Lannister always pays his debts.
adj. II slippery; sleek, smooth; fast, quick
adv. soon, quickly ( < adere + .)
n. 4sol. smoothness, sleekness, slipperiness; quickness, fastness
adj. I iron ( < āegion iron + -enka)
n. 3ter. iron
perfect: āeksākotan
v. V-fin. to champion, to tout, to talk up s/o or s/t→loc. ( < āeksio + -ākogon)
n. 3lun. master, lord (cf. āeksion.)
n. 3ter. gold (cf. āeksio.)
prop. n. 3sol. Aelix
perfect: ēdan
v. Insv. C-fin. (irreg.) to have, to contain ( < a- + emagon.)
Lenton izulī vumbiarzī aemilza. — The house will have four rooms.
adj. I accommodating, supportive, reliable
perfect: aertan
v. C-fin. to move, to go (less intentional than jagon.)
perfect: aerēptan
v. C-fin.. to travel, to move over a great distance ( < aeragon + -ēbagon.)
prop. n. 2sol. Aerys.
v. Insv. C-fin. to split, used with instrumental subjects ( < a- + ezīmagon.)
(Valo ondoso) rōbir egry aezīmza. — The knife (of the man) splits the fig.
(Egromy) rōbir aezīmaks. — The fig is split (with a knife).
perfect: āgutan
v. V-fin. to swallow, to gulp
n. 3ter. swallow, swallowing, gulp ( < āgugon + -non)
n. 6col.3sol. spices, spice in general (collective of ajesurilaros.)
n. 3sol. spice, condiment (subst. fut. act. part. of ajesuragon, lit. that which something will be sprinkled with.)
v. Insv. C-fin. to rage on
n. 3ter. island (cf. AV ajo.)
v. Insv. C-fin. to need, to require ( < a- + jorrāelagon)
Kesor kisalbar parklon ajorrāelza! — This feast needs meat!
Aōhi vumbiarzi sȳndrille ajorrāelzi. — Your rooms require color.
adj. III bright, resplendent, shining, shiny, brilliant
n. 3ter. area, plot of land, place, location (cf. the place suffix -(l)ion.)
prop. n. 4lun. Alysanne
n. 2lun. shovel, scoop, ladle
perfect: amastan
v. Insv. V-fin. to come of things ( < a- + māzigon.)
perfect: āmastan
v. V-fin. to return, to come back, to go back ( < ā- + māzigon.)
n. 3ter return ( < ā- + māzigon + -non)
Ondossa jorhakēlāt, lykāpsirī Zaldrīzoti Muño āmāzinon jumbari? — Will you wring your hands, while you wait idly for the Mother of Dragons to return?
perfect: āmazvēttan
v. C-fin. to recreate, to remake ( < ā- + mazverdagon.)
Hen perzȳ vȳs āmazverdagon āsittaks. — From the fire she was reborn to remake the world.
perfect: amīstan
v. Insv. C-fin. to protect, to guard, to block of things e.g. a piece of armour or shield ( < a- + mīsagon)
perfect: amīvinditan
v. Insv. V-fin. to taunt, to torture, to torment, to frustrate, to infuriate of things/inanimates ( < a- + mīv- + indigon)
  • ampa [ˈampa] indec.
num. ten.
num. adj. III tenth.
perfect: anektotan
v. Insv. V-fin. to cut, to slice of things ( < a- + nektogon.)
Korze geltī anektos. — The long sword is cutting the helmets.
Zentys egromy anektotaks. — A guest was sliced with a knife.
perfect: anevetan
v. Insv. V-fin. to transport, to convey of things i.e. the conveyance ( < a- + nevegon)
perfect: angotan
v. V-fin. to bite.
n. 4lun. horse
n. 1aq. blood.
pers.pron. you (sing.).
  • aōha [aˈoːha] -ys, -on, -or
poss. adj. I your (sg.)
poss.pron. 3ter. yours (sg.)
adv. in your way, as you wish (ins. of aōha.)
refl. 1lun. you, yourself
n. 3sol. snout, mouth of animals (cf. AV aspo "bitch".)
n. 6for.sol.° arakh, a curved sword used by the Dothraki. ( < Doth. arakh.)
perfect: arghutan
v. V-fin. to hunt
n. 2sol. hunter ( < arghugon + -tys with rhotacism of the t)
prop. n. 1lun. Arya
n. 1aq°. beer (includes -illa.)
n. 3ter. tavern ( < ārilla + -urlion, "beer place")
adv. back, again, anew, once more, once again (lit. anew, < arlie + . Cf. ar-, -ligon.)
adj. III new
n. 3ter. change, metamorphosis ( < arliñagon + -non.)
perfect: arlintan
v. C-fin. to change, to become different, to become new, to metamorphose intrans. ( < arlie + -ñagon.)
n. 3lun. barley
perfect: arritan
v. V-fin. to show →dat. to someone
Geron īlot arrīs. — Show us the way.
perfect: asēntan
v. Insv. C-fin. to kill ( < a- + sēnagon.)
Āeksio sēter vokti asēntas. — The master’s spell killed the priest.
Dārys ohīlvoso asēntaks. — The king was killed with a dagger.
perfect: āsittan
v. C-fin. to give rebirth to, to bear again ( < ā- + sikagon.)
Hen perzȳ vȳs āmazverdagon āsittaks. — From the fire she was reborn to remake the world.
prop. n. 3aq. Astapor.
n. 1lun. owl
n. 3lun tooth
n. 1aq°. wine, ( < avero grape + -illa.)
com. averilloma used as adjective meaning drunk, tipsy.
n. 3lun. grape
n. 2lun. short sword, sword
n. 6col.2sol. army. (Relexicalized collective from azantys)
n. 2sol. knight, soldier, warrior, swordsman, swords-woman ( < azandy + -tys.)

B

perfect: beldan
v. C-fin. to help, to aid, to assist someone →acc. with something →loc.
Taoba ñuhȳ botē baelza. — The boy is helping my work.
with inf.
Meli Voktyssy Mīrīnī lyks mazverdagon beldis. — The Red Priests helped bring peace to Meereen.
n. 3sol. top, summit, zenith, apex; point of a sword, tip
n. 4sol. heat emanating or radiating off of or from something; compare dijāves ( < bāne + -ves.)
adj. II hot, warm to the touch; not something that feels hot, for which see dija.
perfect: bāngetan
v. C-fin. to bake, to prepare a meal
n. 1lun. long night, midnight or the darkest part of the night; not necessarily an instant, but a time between, say, eleven p.m. and three in the morning ( < bantis + -āzma)
n. 5sol. night
perfect: bartan
v. C-fin. to mark, to smudge, to demarcate; to indicate, to refer to, to point out
perfect: bardutan
v. V-fin. to write s/t→acc. to s/o→dat. (cf. baragon)
n. 3ter. writing (< bardugon + -non)
n. 3ter. demonstrative (in the grammatical sense), demonstrative pronoun (substantivized aorist participle of baragon.)
n. 1lun. skull ( < bartos + -anna)
n. 3sol. head (cf. barta marked)
postp.→gen. on, onto, on top of, onto the top of, upon; concerning, regarding, about, with respect to, on (the subject of), about; at, in.
Meaning also often rendered with just the genitive
n. 3aq. trout
adj. I regular, normal, usual
n. 3ter. chain.
n. 6col.3ter. bondage, servitude, slavery figuratively (col. of belmor chain.)
Belmondo bantāzma bōsa jemī qlādīlusy botilat? — Will you let them drag you back into the long night of bondage?
n. 3sol. chain link, link in a chain, ring (cf. belmon)
v. C-fin. to put chains on, to chain, to chain up; to enslave ( < belmon + -uragon.)
n. 2sol. slave master, slaver ( < belmuragon + -tys.)
perfect: bēdan
v. C-fin. to latch, seal, fasten, make fast (cf. nābēmagon.)
n. 4sol. sow, female pig
perfect: bēritan
v. V-fin. to hang from s/t→loc. (cf. bērio)
n. 3lun. tunic (cf. bērigon)
v. Loc. appl. v. C-fin. to sing about (or upon) ( < bē- + u- + vāedagon )
perfect: bēviltas future: bēvulza
v. Loc. appl. C-fin. to be necessary; bēvilza it is necessary →gen. for... →inf. to... ( literally to lie upon, < bē- + u- + ilagon.)
perfect: bēvumptan
v. Loc. appl. C-fin. to float, to hover s/w→gen. (lit. to remain above, < bē- + u- + umbagon.)
n. 3aq. ewe, female sheep
adj. II fortunate, lucky, happy (in the circumstantial sense)
n. 4sol. happiness, jubilation, luck, fortune ( < biare + -ves.)
biarvī manaeragon to celebrate.
Biarver aōt! Cheers! (col. of biarves; lit. All joy to you!; perh. could be "jemot" if to many)
exp. you’re welcome, sometimes shortened to biarvos (inst. of biarves)
perfect: bīptan
v. C-fin. to suckle, to suck (most commonly said of an infant) (common root with bīkagon + -ībagon.)
perfect: bittan
v. C-fin. to suckle, give suck to; to nourish (common root with bībagon + -ikagon.)
n. 2sol. wet nurse, nursing mother, nurse ( < bīkagon + -tys)
  • bisa [ˈbisa] -ys, -on, -or
dem.pron. adj. I this proximal, animate
dem.pron. 5aq. this one proximal, animate, for abstract or uncountable entitites
dem.pron. 2lun. this one proximal, animate, for concrete, countable entities
n. 3ter. mountain
n. 6pauc.3ter. mountain range (paucal of blēnon)
n. 4lun. tail
  • bona [ˈbona] -ys, -on, -or
dem.pron. adj. I that distal, animate
dem.pron. 5aq. that one distal, animate, for abstract or uncountable entities
dem.pron. 2lun. that one distal, animate, for concrete, countable entities
  • bōsa [ˈboːsa] -ys, -on, -or
adj. I long either temporally or spatially, tall
sup. bōsāje utmost, furthest, greatest
v. C-fin. to suffer →inst., the thing suffered
to endure
Valar botis — All men must endure
to permit the thing allowed comes first in the subjunctive
Belmondo bantāzma bōsa jemī qlādīlusy botilāt? — Will you let them drag you back into the long night of bondage?
to work, to labor for/ because of s/t→dat.
Sparos kesīr botas? — Who is working here?
perfect: botēdan
v. C-fin. (irreg.) to make work, train, tutor, instruct ( < botagon + -emagon)
n. 4sol. work (cf. botagon)
n. 6col.4sol. boter suffering
Jevys qrinuntys jemo syt mērī belma se boteri se udrāzmī ēzi. — Your enemy has nothing for you but chains and suffering and commands.
adv. hard, effortfully (inst. of botes)
n. 1lun. bronze ( < brāedion + -āzma.)
n. 3ter. copper
prop. n. 3sol. Braavos
perfect: brōstan
v. C-fin. to name →acc. recipient, →inst. name. ( < brōzi.)
Figuratively
Avy ñuhom azantomy brōzan. — I name you my knight.
In the reflexive to call oneself, to be named
Skoroso jemēle brōzāt? — What are your names?
n. 5lun. name ( < brōzi.)
v. V-fin. to swim
v. C-fin. to hate, to despise
Hēdys kōdra biādra sēntas buqan. — I hate that the butcher killed those sheep.
  • buzdari [buzˈdari], buzdar [buzˈdar]
n. 6for. slave ( < AV buzdar < Ghiscari.)
  • byka [ˈbyka] -ys, -on, -or
adj. I small
num. adj. III sixth
num. adj. II six.
num. sixty.
num. adj. III sixtieth

D

perfect: dāerēdan
v. C-fin. (irreg.) to free, to liberate. hen + →dat. from something ( < dāez + -emagon.)
Dohaerirossa hen pōjo belmondo dāerēdas se hen pōjo qringaomnoti Āeksia īlinurtas. — She has freed the slaves from their chains and crucified the Masters for their sins.
n. 3sol. liberator, emancipator (lit. free-maker.)
adv. freely ( < dāez + .)
Averilloma voktys dāri dāerī ȳdratas. — The drunk priest spoke freely to the king.
n. 4sol. freedom, liberty ( < dāez + -ves.)
Dāerves jevys tepagon yne sytilībos daor. — Your freedom is not mine to give.
adj. II free.
Yne sytivīlībilāt? Hae dāero valoti? — Will you fight for me? As free men?
perfect: dakotan
v. V-fin. to run
n. 4sol. race as in a race where one runs on foot, though used for any type of racing competition ( < dakogon + -nes)
n. 3ter. running ( < dakogon + -non)
n. 3ter. rainbow ( < daomio + līrigon + -non)
n. 3lun. rain.
n. 6col.3lun. rainy season, rain figurative (collective of daomio.)
Kastāmiro Daomior — The Rains of Castamere
  • daor [daor], [daˈor]
adv. not, interj. no.
indef.pron. 3ter. nowhere ( < daor + -ion)
indef.pron. adv. nowhere;
Averilloma voktys daoriot istas. — The drunk priest went nowhere.
daoriot jemagon to not matter →com. to someone; lit. to lead nowhere.
indef.pron. 6pauc.3ter. nothing
Kostilus jevi āeksia yno bē pirtra jemot vestretis, iā daoruni jemot vestretis. — Your masters may have told you lies about me, or they may have told you nothing.
indef.pron. 2sol. no one
daorys ziry ōdrikilza. — no one will harm him.
n. 1lun. queen.
Mīrīno Dāria — Queen of Meereen
n. 3sol. heir to the throne, crown prince, crown princess ( < the dār- root seen in the dārys family of words, plus the substantivized future participle ending -ilaros, as if from a verb *dāragon. However, no such verb exists in the classical language, and it is uncertain if there ever was one.):
Kīviō Dārilaros The Prince That Was Promised
Mērī kīviō dārilaros ōz maghagon kostas. — Only the prince who was promised can bring the dawn.
Ziry kīviō dārilaros issa, se zȳhon suvio perzō vāedar issa. — He is the prince that was promised, and his is the song of ice and fire.
prop. n. 3lun. Daario (cf. dārys.)
Daor, bisy arlie Dārio issa. — No, this is the new Daario.
n. 3ter. kingdom, domain
Dāria Sīkudo Dārȳti Vestero. — the Queen of the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros.
adj. II royal, regal ( < dārys + -ōñe.)
prop. n. 3ter. King’s Landing
n. 2sol. king.
Roberti Dāri zȳhi nekēpti se Āeksiot Ōño jemagon. — Turn King Robert away from his idols and toward the Lord of Light
perfect: davāptan
v. C-fin. to rain. (an -ābagon formation off a root *dav-, perh. primordially related to daomio, rain.)
n. 3sol. foot, footfall
Aōhys zentys gevī dekossa ēza. — Your guest has beautiful feet.
perfect: dekurtan
v. C-fin. to step. ( < deks + -uragon.)
perfect: dekurūptan
v. C-fin. to walk, to go on foot ( < dekur- + -ēbagon.)
perfect: dēmatan
v. V-fin. to sit, to sit down
Kēli Davidȳ dēmas. — The cat sits on David.
n. 3ter. throne ( < dēma- + -lion.)
Tymptir Dēmalȳti — A Game of Thrones
Āegenkon Dēmalion vale tēmas. — The Iron Throne pokes the man.
perfect: dertan
v. C-fin. to pluck, to pick fruit or flowers (cf. AV mazedhas derari he was taken.)
perfect: derēptan
v. C-fin. to gather, to collect ( < deragon + -ēbagon)
Vala Aero syt rōbra derēbza. — The man collects figs for Aerys.
adj. I hot, warm a feeling that one can have; for something that's hot to the touch, see bāne); aroused, horny
Zenturliot diji iksi. — We are warm in the inn.
n. 4sol. heat that one feels; desire, arousal, horniness (considered offensive, gross or silly) ( < dija + -ves)
v. C-fin. (irreg.) to warm, to warm up, to make warm ( < dija + -emagon)
perfect: dīntan
v. C-fin. to put, to place something on something else to which it is commonly associated e.g. to put a ring on a finger or a shirt on a torso, but not a book on a table.
to marry, to wed →nom. the one performing the ceremony; →acc. the one who is being married who is being focused on; →com. the other participant; often used in the passive.
Ao ynoma dīnilūks? — Will you marry me?
ozdakonot dīnagon to put to flight, chase away.
Sȳndrori jorrāelis lȳr ozdakonot ziry dīntis. — Those who love the darkness chased her away.
adj. I ignorant, untutored, clumsy ( < do- + botēda)
n. 4sol. ignorance ( < dobotēda + -ves.)
Dobotēdāves. Nāgīdāves. Qrinuntenkāves. — Ignorance. Inequality. Antagonism
perfect: dohaertan
v. C-fin. to serve. Valar dohaeris! All men must serve, the response to Valar morghūlis!
Sȳrī avy ūjus dohaeragon. — May it serve you well.
Dohaeriakson raqan. — I like to be served.
n. 3ter. slavery, service (type II substantivized aorist participle of dohaeragon.)
n. 3sol. slave, servant (type I substantivized aorist participle of dohaeragon.)
Dārys rȳbis sepār dohaeriros rȳbis — He hears the king as he hears the slave
n. 2lun. former master (type I substantivised past habitual passive participle of dohaeragon, "one who used to be served".)
Dohaertrossa dohaertiarzī hēnkirī. — Former slaves and masters alike.
n. 3sol. one who was previously a slave, former slave (past habitual active participle of dohaeragon.)
Astaprot dohaertrossa sīr yno inkot iōrzi, dāeri. — Those who were slaves in Astapor now stand behind me, free.
adj. II serious, studious, focused, disciplined, steady, strong, driven (perh. do- + the act. pres. part. of an unknown verb *kimagon, perh. meaning something like to mess around.)
n. 4sol. seriousness, studiousness, discipline, drive, strength, resolve, focus ( < dokimare + -ves)
  • dōna [ˈdoːna] adv. dōnī
adj. I. sweet, pleasant
Dōnī hontesse vāedis! — The birds are singing sweetly!
adj. II no, none, not
Dōrior dārion udrirzi mijessis. — There’s no country without a language.
Yn dōre vala iksan. — But I am no man.
adj. I made of stone ( < dōron + -enka.)
n. 2lun stoney one; Stone Man i.e. a person in the late stages of the Grey Plague. (Subst. of dōrenka.)
Mundari dōrenkī rȳbis… — He hears the Stone Men in their misery…
indef.pron. adv. never, nohow, noway, at no point, at no time
Mirri ōdria uēpi dōrī drējī zgiēñisi... — Some old wounds never truly heal...
adj. III not many, not much, not a lot, few, used with the plural of countable nouns, but it will still take the appropriate form modifying a paucal or collective. ( < dor- + olvie)
n. 3ter. rock, stone
n. 6col.3sol. or 3aq. fort, fortification (collective of dōros)
n. 3sol. wall (cf. dōron)
n. 1lun. basilisk ( < doron + rīza)
n. 2lun. The Unburnt (Substantivized form of *dorzalta unburnt < do- + zalta.)
Daenerys Targārien, Jelmāzmo, Dorzalty, Dāria Sīkudo Dārȳti Vestero, Muña Zaldrīzoti. — Daenerys Targaryen, the Stormborn, the Unburnt, the Queen of the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros, the Mother of Dragons.
n. 6for. Dothraki
Daenerys ampa pyrī Dothrakoti ēza. — Daenerys has ten thousand Dothraki.
n. 2lun. an Unsullied. Col. Dovaogēdyr the Unsullied as a group. (Substantivized form of *dovaogēda unsullied < do- + vaogēda, perf.part. of vaogemagon.)
Dovaogēdys! Naejot memēbātās! — Unsullied! Forward march!
n. 2sol. dragon-fire
perfect: drāñēdan
v. C-fin. (irreg.) to open specifically a door, gate or window ( < older *drāñemagon < drāñe + -emagon)
[...] jevī remia ynot drāñēdāt. — You opened your gates to me [...]
adj. II wide
adj. II true, correct, right, just, veritable
Dārys issa vestris, se prūmio ñuho konir drējior issa. — They say he is a king and of my heart that is true.
adv. truly, correctly; very (intensifier) ( < drēje + .)
Mirri ōdria uēpi dōrī drējī zgiēñisi... — Some old wounds never truly heal...
Drējī kirine arlī iksan. — I am really happy again.
n. 4sol. truth, correctness, justness, justice; right, justification, excuse, reason (poss. drēje + -ves.)
Jehikarȳ Kinvaro iōrāt, Eglio Vokto hen Rijībliot Volantīhot, Drīvo Perzo, Sylvio Ōño, Dohaeriro Ēlio Āeksiō Ōño syt. — You stand in the presence of Kinvara, High Priestess of the Red Temple of Volantis, the Flame of Truth, the Light of Wisdom, the First Servant of the Lord of Light.
adv. actually, in fact; in truth, truly, really
drīvose daor actually not, actually no
Drīvose azantys ābra issa. — Actually the knight is a woman.
prop. n. 3ter. Drogon
n. 3ter. egg
Drōmon nektō? — Are you slicing an egg?
adv. tomorrow
Drūr sōni tegon zgeltīlzi. — Tomorrow the snows will cover the ground.
n. 1lun. cousin by father's sister or mother's brother, cross cousin.
Daor, bony ñuha dubāzma issa. — No, that one is my cousin.
n. 2sol. sibling; cousin by father's brother or mother's sister, parallel cousin.
Aōhys dubys gevie issa! — Your sibling is beautiful!
adj. I animal, bestial
n. 4sol. animal, beast
Dȳñer raqiror issa. — All animals are friends.

E

n. 3ter. night sky; ēbrio gō under the night sky
n. 6col.3ter. the night skies, space (collective of ēbrion)
perfect: ēdrutan
v. V-fin. to sleep
Valar Ēdrussis — All Men Must Sleep
n. 3ter. sleep ( < ēdrugon + -non)
n. 2sol. dream ( < ēdrugon + -rys)
n. 1lun. ancestor (cf. eglie)
n. 6col.1lun. ancestors, ancestry (collective of eglia)
adj. III high (physically, in status or quality), good, superior; late (temporally)
Voktys Eglie aōt gaomilaksir teptas. — The High Priest gave you a mission.
n. 4sol. highness, height; grace, highness, a title of respect for a ruler ( < eglie + -ves)
n. 1aq. spear ( < egros + -albar)
n. 3sol. edge; blade; sword (cf. egry.)
n. 2lun. knife, razor (cf. egros.)
Vala egromy rōbir ezīmza. — The man splits the fig with a knife.
Riño egry yne anektotos daor. — The girl’s razor did not cut me.
n. 6col.1aq. tides, ocean, time, the passage of time (collective of elēnar)
n. 6col.3sol. hearing (collective of eleks)
n. 3sol. ear
Muña taobe elekot ondurtas. — The mother grabbed the boy by his ear.
perfect: elēntan
v. C-fin. to swing, to sway, to oscillate, to move back and forth, to twist in the breeze (cf. elēnar)
n. 1aq. tide (cf. elēni perh. the semantic connection is rhythm?)
n. 5lun. voice, speech; music, melody; individuality, opinion figurative (cf. elēnar.)
Āeksio Ōño elēni jeve rȳbis. — The Lord of Light hears your voice.
Zaldrīzesse biādroti elēnȳti zūgusy daor. — Dragons do not fear the opinions of sheep.
n. 6pauc.5lun. performance, generally music accompanied by dance (paucal of elēni)
n. 6col.5lun. music in the general sense (collective of elēni)
adv. first
Sparos ēlī morghūlilza? — Who will die first?
adj. III first; primary
n. 1aq°. honey ( < ēs + -illa.)
Havon elillē emi. — We have bread and honey.
v. V-fin. to embrace, to hug →inst. using a particular part of the body
Ñuhe jorrāeliarze kēli ellēnna! — I am going to hug my dear kitty.
n. 6pauc.3sol. swarm of bees (paucal of ēs)
perfect: ēdan
v. C-fin. (irreg.) to have. 3s. pres. act. ind. ēza, 3pl. ēzi, imperfect emilen, emiles, etc.)
n. 1aq. sea, ocean. Col. embrar "the sea(s)", oceans in a more figurative sense
Olvie hen embraro tolmiot nykēlot avy ivestragon issa. — So much news I have to give you from over the seas.
n. 1lun. great sea perh. in some sort of metaphorical sense? Parmenko Embāzmā The Great Grass Sea of the Dothraki ( < embar + -āzma.)
Hen Parmenko Embāzmā Khalēsi — Khaleesi of the Great Grass Sea
adj. II aquatic, oceanic ( < embar + -ōñe.); embōñe kēli sea otter.
n. 1lun. west, the west (cf. endie western)
Lo vēzos endiā sīmonus se ñāqot mazilībus. — When the sun rises in the west and sets in the east.
adj. III west, western (cf. endia.)
adj. I from the west, from the western lands ( < endia + -īha)
n. 1lun. westerner
adj. I tasty, good said of food, flavourful ( < ēngos + -enka)
Ēngenkor elille emā? — Do you have good honey?
n. 3sol. little tongue ( < ēngos + -ītsos)
n. 3sol. tongue; language. Muño ēngos "mother tongue." Quptenkys Ēngos The Common Tongue.
Valyrio muño ēngos ñuhys issa. — Valyrian is my mother tongue.
Quptenkos Ēngoso ȳdrassis? — Do you speak the Common tongue?
com. ēngoso used as an adjective meaning talkative, chatty.
Bony ēngoso taoba issa! — That one is a chatty boy!
perfect: enketan
v. C-fin. to owe →inst. the thing owed; →acc. the person to whom it is owed.
Dāervose jevosy yne enkōt daor. — You do not owe me your freedom.
perfect: eptan
v. C-fin. to ask somebody→dat. a question→acc.
Ynot mirros epās! — Ask me something!
of somebody→dat. a favor→acc.
Skoros ynot epilū? — What would you ask of me?
Obl. appl. iepagon (less correctly jepagon) "to ask for" something→acc., of someone→dat.
Āeksiot zȳhon vaoreznon jepin, se ziksoso udlissis. — I ask the Lord for His favor, and He responds as He will.
4sol. female goat, nanny goat
v. C-fin. to win
Skorī dēmalȳti tymptir tymis, ērinis iā morghūlis. — When you play the game of thrones, you win or you die.
n. 3ter. victory ( < ērinagon + -non.)
  • ēs [eːs] el-
n. 3sol. bee (cf. elilla)
adj. I half
v. C-fin. to split with va →dat. into... (cf. ezīma)
Vala egromy rōbir ezīmza. — The man splits the fig with a knife.
Insv. aezīmagon.
n. 3sol. part, division (cf. ezīmagon)
n. 2lun. sandal (cf. ezīmagon)
Litsī ezīmptī zȳhī urnegon kostā? — Can you see her pretty sandals?
n. 2lun. window, slit (opening in a wall) (cf. ezīmagon)

G

n. 1lun. monkey ( < Yi Ti)
n. 6for.lun. slave name ( < AV gadbag < Ghiscari.)
Gadbag aōhe qrīdrughās. — Throw away your slave name.
num. adj. III hundredth, one hundredth
n. 2lun. hammer, mallet
n. 6col.2lun. industry, construction (collective of galry.)
perfect: gōntan
v. C-fin. to do, to act, to perform; →dat. + inf. allow
Mentyri idañe jevi ivestrilātās keskydoso gaomagon. — You shall tell your fellow soldiers to do likewise.
n. 5aq. task, chore, errand, mission (substantivized fut.pass.part. of gaomagon, lit. that which is to be done.)
Voktys Eglie aōt gaomilaksir teptas. — The High Priest gave you a mission.
n. 3ter. action, issue, matter, act, deed
Se dāeri vali pōntalo syt gaomoti iderēbzi. — And free men make their own choices.
n. 3sol nadir, underside; animal belly, animal stomach
  • gār [ɡaːr] indec.
num. hundred.
n. 2sol. vulture
adj. I silver-colored; silver-like, ( < gēlion + -enka.)
n. 3sol. silver coin ( < gēlion + -iapos.)
n. 3ter. silver.
n. 6col.3ter. money, currency, cash (relex. col. of gēlion silver.)
Gēlȳndi aōt tepagon jaelas. — He wants to give you money.
n. 4lun. helmet, helm (cf. geltigon.)
Geltī aōhe nādīnās. — Remove your helmet.
n. 1aq. meeting place, gathering place, exhibition hall ( < geltion + -albar.)
perfect: geltitan
v. V-fin. to cover, to cover up (cf. gelte.)
n. 3ter. roof (cf. geltigon.)
n. 6pauc.3ter. debt, owed payement (relex. pauc. of gēlion silver.)
Lannister va mōriot zȳha gēlȳnī ademmis. — A Lannister always pays his debts.
n. 4sol. mouse, rat
n. 3ter. left, left part, left side (cf. geptot.)
adv. left, to the left, leftward (dat./loc. of gepton.)
Mittyssy geptot ilzi se voktyssy paktot. — There are fools to the left, and priests to the right.
postp.→gen. to the left of, beside, next to
n. 1aq. road, street, way, thoroughfare more ready and ample than geron ( < geron + -albar.)
n. 3ter. path, walk, walkway
Qilōnario Geron. — Walk of Punishment.
exp. good bye, bye, farewell often shorthened to one word gerosílas; derives from the phrase Geros ilās!, lit. "May the path lie straight!"
n. 1lun. fruit, piece of fruit; more generally the edible part of a plant.
adv. beautifully ( < gevia + .)
Gevī ȳdrā, azantys! — You speak beautifully, knight!
adj. III. beautiful
n. 4sol. beauty ( < gevie + -ves.)
n. 3ter. park (perh. < gevie + -urlion.)
prop. n. 3sol. Ghis
Valyri Ghīs idakotis. — The Valyrians attacked Ghis.
adj. I Ghiscari
Mīrīn, Astapor, Junkāe Ghīska oktia issi. — Meereen, Astapor, and Yunkai are Ghiscari cities.
Ghīski āeksia Daenero zaldrīzī sindigon sylutis. — The Ghiscari masters tried to buy Daenerys' dragons.
adj. I. equal, even; steady, stable, by extension calm.
…iēdrosa gīdāpa. — …calm as still water.
n. 4sol. equality ( < gīda + -ves; also cf. nāgīdāves.)
perfect: gīdēdan
v. C-fin. (irreg.) to steady, stabilize; to even up, equalize ( < gīda + -emagon.)
n. 3ter. tin (substance)
perfect: giēntan
v. C-fin.' to heal (intransitive), to be healed, to become healed, to become healthy (perh. giez + -ēñagon.)
Insv. zgiēñagon to heal of wounds etc. as opposed to people.
Mirri ōdria uēpi dōrī drējī zgiēñisi... — Some old wounds never truly heal...
perfect: giēñēptan
v. C-fin. to recuperate ( < giēñagon + -ēbagon.)
perfect: giēñēdan
v. C-fin. (irreg.) to treat, to cure, to heal (s/o else) ( < giēñagon + -emagon.)
adj. II to heal, yet to heal, not yet healed (active future participle of giēñagon, lit. "who will be healed".)
n. 3sol. One Who is Not Yet Healed, a term used in Astapor for Unsullied in training (type I substantive of giēñilare. AV ginilaro.)
n. 3ter. people, populace (refers to the group of people inhabiting a specific place; type II substantive of giez.)
perfect: gierūltan
v. C-fin. to gather, assemble, congregate, get together ( < giez + -ūljagon.)
n. 3ter. assembly, gathering, audience, crowd, congregation ( < gierūljagon + -non.)
adj. II whole, complete, together
perfect: gīmēdetan
v. V-fin. to warn, to advise, to signal, to give warning to, to notify (eventative of gīmīmagon.)
n. 3ter. warning, notice, signal, advice ( < gīmēdegon + -non.)
perfect: gīmitan
v. V-fin. to know facts or information, to know how to do something →inf.
Kesir gīmī. — You know this
Daoruni gīmī, Ionos Sōnaro. — You know nothing, Jon Snow.
Gīmissiks. — It is known.[1]
perfect: gīmēdan
v. C-fin. to inform, to instruct, to teach ( < gīmigon + -emagon.)
  • gīs [ɡiːs] gīh-
n. 3sol. soul, spirit
Zȳhys ōñoso jehikagon Āeksiot epi, se gīs hen sȳndrorro jemagon. — We ask the Lord to shine his light, and lead a soul out of darkness.
adj. I alive (cf. glaesagon.)
perfect: glaestan
v. C-fin. to live, to fare in the general sense; used with adv. to describe state of well-being: Skorkydoso glaesā? How are you?, Syrī glaesan I'm good.[1]:
adj. I lifelike ( < glaeson + -enka.)
n. 3ter. life. Col. glaesor existence, life (slightly more abstract/figurative)
Keso glaesot iderēptōt daor. — You did not choose this life.
postp.→gen. under, beneath, below, underneath, underneath of, to the underside of; before (temporally)
adv. under, beneath, below; before (temporally)
Skoriot daorys gō istas nēdenkirī jagon. — To boldly go where no one has gone before.
perfect: gōviārtan
v. Loc. appl. C-fin. to flow under →gen. ( < gō- + v- + iāragon.)
Qelbar blēno gōviārtas. — The river flowed under the mountain.
Tubī qelbri oktio gōviārosy daor. — The rivers are not flowing under the city today.
exp. tego gōviāragon to flow underground
Iēdar tego gōviārza? — Is the water flowing underground?
perfect: gōviltan future: gōvunna
v. Loc. appl. C-fin. to be under, to be underneath, to lie under, to be below, to lie below, to be beneath, to lie beneath →gen. ( < gō- + u- + ilagon.)
...rūso zȳhosy gōvilirose zijo syt pyghas lue prūmie. — ... with his child beneath the heart that beats for him.
v. Loc. appl. C-fin. (irreg.) to put under, to cause to be under →dat. the thing under which it is put ( < gō- + u- + ilagon + -emagon.)
Daenerys zȳhi byki zaldrīzī qurdot gōvilēza. — Daenerys is putting her little dragon under the table.
n. 3ter catacomb, catacombs, underground labyrinth (type II substantive of the active aorist participle of gōvilagon; lit. "that/the place which lies beneath".)
n. 4sol. louse.
adj. I round ( < grevy + -enka.)
n. 3sol. belt ( < grevion + -iapos.)
n. 3ter. waist, circumference (cf. grevy.)
n. 2lun. wheel
n. 1aq°. boundary, border, bound, limit ( < grozion + -illa.)
n. 6col.1aq°. borders, territory (referring to countries or lands) (collective of grozilla.)
n. 3ter. furrow, ditch, trench
n. 6col.3ter. field (plowed) (collective of grozion.)
n. 4sol. bear.
Gryves se Riña Litse. — The Bear and the Maiden Fair.
n. 4lun. tree
n. 6pauc.4lun. forest, woods (pauc. of guēse.)
n. 5aq. lesson (type II substantive of future passive participle of gūrēñagon, lit. "that which will be learned".).
Gūrēnilaksir Ēlior — Lesson 1/First Lesson.
n. 5aq. information, knowledge (type II substantive of the perfect participle of gūrēñagon; lit. "that which has been learned".)
perfect: gūrēntan
v. C-fin. to learn, to find out, to discover (perh. gūrogon + -ēñagon.)
Valar gūrēñis — All men must learn
perfect: gūrotan
v. V-fin. to pick up, to get, to take; in the reflexive to earn, merit, deserve + dat. the thing deserved
Ñuhor līr gūrēnna. — I will take what is mine.
Laodiapossa buzdaris gūrogon. — Let the slave pick up the masks.
n. 5aq. dessert, fate, that which is deserved; usually in the col. gūrotrir. (type II substantive of the perfect participle of gūrogon.)
n. 6col.5aq. fate, that which one has earned, that which one deserves, one's due, just deserts (collective of gūrotir.)
Se jevo qrinuntoti pōjor gūrotriri maghan. — And I bring your enemies what they deserve.
Āegenkor Tistālior jāhor gūrotriri emilza. — The Iron Bank will have its due.

H

prep.→loc. as, like, similar to, in the guise of, in the manner of, acting as.
Yne sytivīlībilāt? Hae dāero valoti? — Will you fight for me? As free men?
n. 1aq. younger sister; younger female cousin by father's brother or mother's sister.
Valar limassis, hāedus. Valar limassis. — All men must cry, little sister. All men must cry.
Ñuhor hāedri renīs se nykēla avy ossēninna! — Touch my sister and I'll kill you myself!
perfect: haertan
v. Insv. C-fin. ambitrans. to move something →acc. Said of something inanimate that moves, as in an arm, a leg, a contraption, or, in certain cases, an animal ( < h- + aeragon.)
Tepto ondossa bartot haerzi. — The teacher’s hands move to her head.
Azanto deks korzī haertas. — The knight’s foot moved the long sword.
perfect: hakotan
v. V-fin. to pull s/t →acc. from s/w →loc.; to bother, to affect, to annoy because of s/t →loc.
adj. I crazy, insane, mad, addled (aorist passive participle of hakogon)
n. 5aq. insanity, lunacy, craziness, madness (type II substantive of hakossiarza)
n. 2lun. lunatic, crazy person, madman (type I substantive of hakossiarza)
num. adj. II three
num. thirty
num. adj. III thirtieth
adj. I appropriate, suitable, appropriately sized, suitably sized, the right size, appropriately long, suitably long (spatially, temporally and generic) ( < harris + -enka.)
Ñuhys zaldrīzes harrenkys issa. — My dragon is the right size.
n. 5sol. while, duration (an indefinite amount of time that varries based on the activity referred to; the appropriate amount of time that s/t ought to last based on whatever activity is being referred to; cf. harrenka)
n. 6col. loaf of bread (collective of haves)
n. 4sol. piece of bread (cf. havon)
n. 3ter bread
Havon sīr ipradakson kostas. — The bread can now be eaten.
n. 6col.3ter. food; sustenance figuratively (relex. col. of havon bread.)
postp.→gen. from amongst, out of, out of the midst of, from (prob. hen + , with nasal deletion.)
Jenti jevi jemēle iderēbilātās, qogrondo jevo hēdrȳ. — You will select a leader, from amongst your own ranks.
n. 2sol. butcher (heghagon + -tys.)
Issa, aōho hēdo taobe sēntan! — Yes, I killed your butcher's boy!
perfect: hēdan
v. C-fin. to slaughter; to prepare food
n. 2sol. carcass of an animal, usually ( < heghagon + -arys.)
adv. like that, in that way (seemingly from hae konīr.)
Issa, drīvose hegnīr ēdrus. — Yes, she is actually sleeping like that.
conj. →subj. so that
Gēlȳndi aōt tepagon jaelas, hegnīr aōhys rūs ipradagon kostos. — He only wants to give you money, so your baby can eat.
adv. like this, in this way (seemingly from hae kesīr.)
Issa, heksīr ipradan. — Yes, I am eating like this.
n. 1aq. beetle
adv. next ( < pār, presumably with hen.)
Hembar Yunkaihot istan. — Next I went to Yunkai.
prep.→loc. from, of; →dat. out of; because of, on account of, thanks to, on (in the sense of paid for by)
Nyke Daenerys Jelmāzmo hen Targārio Lentrot, hen Valyrio Uēpo ānogār iksan. — I am Daenerys Stormborn of the House Targaryen, of the blood of Old Valyria.
Hen ynot mōzīli! — Drinks are on me!
adj. I same (perh. < hae + -enka.)
Lodaor hēnkos vējose hae Astaprot Yunkai botilza. — Otherwise, Yunkai will suffer the same fate as Astapor.
adv. together, by extension simultaneously ( < hēnka + .)
Yn aderī, mōrī, aōt māzīli se hēnkirī īlvi biarvī manaerili. — But soon, when it is all over, we shall come to you and celebrate together.
Dohaertrossa dohaertiarzī hēnkirī. — Former slaves and masters alike.
adv. in kind
Tolvi zijo syt vilībari morghūljosy li hēnkirī siglīliks. — All those who die fighting for her shall be reborn in kind.
perfect: hembistan future: hembīnna
v. Loc. appl. irreg. to exit, to leave, to go from ( < hen- + u- + jagon.)
Henujagon jaelza lua vala mirre henujagon kostas. — Any man who wishes to leave may leave.
Henujās! — Keep out!
perfect: heptan
v. C-fin. to climb, to ascend
n. 3ter. climb, ascension (< hepagon + -non.)
Hepnon. — The Climb.
n. 3sol. ladder, stairs, staircase (< hepagon + -vos.)
Qrīdronnor hepvos issa. — Chaos is a ladder.
adv. henceforth, from now on, from this point, from now; with negative, no longer ( < hen + sīr with nasal deletion.)
Hēzīr, brōza jevi jemēle iderēbilātās. — From this day forward, you will choose your own names.
perfect: hidan
v. C-fin. to scream, to cry out, to cry
... se avy ōdrikosy lī hīghari morghūlilzi. — ... and those who would harm you will die screaming.
perfect: hīltan
v. C-fin. to punch, to hit, to strike
perfect: hīlīptan
v. C-fin. to pummel, to beat ( < hīlagon + -ībagon)
n. 3lun. fist (cf. pālemio; note the short vowel despite likely from hīlagon + -mio)
perfect: hinittan
v. C-fin. to put outside, to put out of doors, to turn out; to expose; to risk, to put in danger (perh. related to hen, containing -ikagon)
v. Insv. C-fin. to stand of things ( < h- + iōragon.)
Āegenkon Dēmalion hiōrza se Sersi dāria issa. — The Iron Throne stands and Cersei is queen.
Qurda aōho lentot hiōrzi? — Are the tables standing in your house?
n. 3sol. statue (type I substantive of the active aorist participle of hiōragon; lit. one which always stands.)
adj. I idiotic, fucking (slang insult or curse; crude intensifier; < hobres + -enka, lit. goat-like)
Jevor hobrenkor qȳbor sōpagon daor! — Do not laugh at your idiotic uncle!
n. 4sol. male goat, billy goat.
kastys hobresse — “blue goats”.
hobrero ñellyr goatskin (cf. ñellyr)
n. 4sol. bird.
Issa, ñuhys raqiros hontes issa. — Yes, my friend is a bird.
perfect: hostan
v. C-fin. to cause to swell; to inspire pride in, to make proud, to give (one) pride (perh. hōzigon + -kagon.)
... iderēbās. Avy hoskas lue brōzi. — Choose... A name that gives you pride.
n. 3aq. ogre, beast, monster, monstrosity (cf. hōze)
n. 4lun. welt, pimple, boil, protuberance, tumor (cf. hōzigon)
perfect: hōzitan
v. V-fin. to swell, to swell up
perfect: hōzittan
v. C-fin. to boil (for the intransitive usage, a reflexive pronoun must be used) ( < hōzigon + -ikagon)
n. 3ter. swelling; pride ( < hōzigon + -non)
n. 3ter. rope, cord
n. 4lun. donkey, ass ( < hunes + anne)
n. 4sol. rabbit, hare, bunny
n. 1lun. moon
Ñuho glaeso hūrus. — Moon of my life.[1]
adj. I lunar ( < hūra + -enka.)
hūrenkon qogror. — “lunar class”.
n. 1lun. penis (considered offensive, gross or silly)

I

conj. or, either
n. 1lun. mother's older brother, maternal uncle older than mother.
Dārys ñuhe iāpe iotāptes. — The king respects my uncle.
n. 1lun. mother's older brother's child, cousin by maternal uncle older than mother.
Viserys Daenero lēkia iāpannā issa. — Viserys is Daenerys's older brother and cousin.
perfect: iārtan
v. C-fin. to flow, to run, to go of things like roads, mountain ranges etc.
n. 2lun. bone (the physical entity, a single one)
n. 6col.2lun. bone (the substance) (collective of īby.)
perfect: idakotan
v. V-fin. to attack, to assail, to have at may only be used with a direct object ( < i- + dakogon.)
Bone vale idakōs! — Attack that man!
n. 1lun. twin (cf. idañe.)
Voktys idañī izūgas. — The priest is afraid of the twins.
adj. II fellow, accompanying, concomitant (cf. idaña.)
Mentyri idañe jevi ivestrilātās keskydoso gaomagon. — You shall tell your fellow soldiers to do likewise.
perfect: iderēptan
v. Obl. appl. C-fin. to choose, to decide on, to select + acc. the person for whom the thing is selected (this applies even in the passive; the applied object is placed right before the verb), + dat. the thing selected (the old direct object, left unexpressed if understandable) ( < i- + derēbagon.)
Vala rōbrȳti Aeri iderēbza. — The man selects figs for Aerys.
Aeri iderēbaks. — Aerys is selected for.
Jaehot avy iderēbās jorepās. — Pick a god and pray.
Zentyssy havot kisalbri iderēptis. — The guests chose the bread for the feast.
n. 4sol. trial ( < iderēbagon + -nes.)
Vīlībāzmosa iderennī emilun. — I would like a trial by combat.
n. 3ter. choice, decision, selection ( < iderēb- + -non.)
Lo jention mirre nūmāzme ēza, iderenna qopsa verdagon issa. — If leadership is about anything, it’s about making hard choices.
perfect: idīntan
v. Obl. appl. C-fin. to marry the one performing the ceremony→nom. ; those getting married→acc. + acc. (d/o + a/o) (often used in the passive) ; to officiate a wedding ( < i- + dīnagon)
n. 1aq. water
Ñuha lēkia jūlor iēdrī mōzus. — My brother is drinking milk and water.
col. iēdrar ocean, poetic for sea
n. 2lun. stomach, belly of a human
Dāro iemny rōva issa. — The king's stomach is large.
postp.→gen. in, inside, inside of, within more emphatic than using the bare locative. (loc. of iemny stomach.)
Jēdar yno toliot. Tegon yno gō. Perzys yno iemnȳ. — Sky above me. Earth below me. Fire within me.
perfect: ijiōrtan
v. Obl. appl. C-fin. to please, make happy (object is reflexive; the pleaser is expressed with a separate clause that comes first or →dat.) ( < i- + jiōragon)'
perfect: ikisīptan
v. Obl. appl. C-fin. to dine on, have a meal consisting primarily of ( < i- + kisagon + -ībagon)
perfect: iltan future: unna
v. C-fin. to lie, to be in a certain place[2] (locative copula). Original meaning to lay/be straight preserved in expression geros ilas good bye, literally something like may the path lie straight. (cf. ilie straight.)
Sȳndror ilis luo tegunno Mordrot. — In the land of Mordor, where the shadows lie
Jemēlo kaerīnnon ivīlībilāt, lo sīr Dāria Daenerys jemī ivīlībagon kesīr īlos daor? — Will you fight for your own salvation, now that Queen Daenerys is not here to fight for you?
to exist (existential copula) in the sense of there is, there are:
Zaldrīzes rihot ilza! — There is a dragon in the valley!
perfect: ilārtan
v. C-fin. to curse out, curse at, insult, spew obscenities out (possibly < lāra)
perfect: ilīptan
v. C-fin. to lie, be prostrate ( < ilagon + -ībagon)
n. 3lun. prostitute, whore, skank, slut of either gender; offensive ( < ilībagon + -io; > AV live)
n. 3sol. whoreson, bastard, bitch, slut insult/curse used with any gender, generic (seemingly the substantive of an adjective *ilībōñe, < ilībagon + -ōñe)
adj. III straight, prostrate (cf. ilagon to lie (straight).)
perfect: īlitan
v. V-fin. to cross, cross over; to retread, go over, go back over (perhaps jagon + -ligon.)
n. 3ter crossing, crossroads ( < īligon + -lion.)
Arlȳr īliliot ēdrun. — I am sleeping at the new crossroads.
v. Obl. appl. V-fin. to cry for, to weep for →acc. ( < i- + limagon.)
Kēli parklon ilimatas! — The cat cried for meat!
Sparos dāri ilimēlza? — Who will cry for the king?
n. 3sol. rest, nap (contains -ītsos.)
n. 3ter. crossing (in general); cross (the geometric figure), cross (reified, where someone is crucified) ( < īligon + -non)
perfect: īlinurtan
v. C-fin. to crucify ( < īlinon + -uragon.)
Dohaerirossa hen pōjo belmondo dāerēdas se hen pōjo qringaomnoti Āeksia īlinurtas. — She has freed the slaves from their chains and crucified the Masters for their sins.
perfect: ilīritan
v. Obl. appl. V-fin. to smile at, to smile for, to smile upon →acc. ( < i- + līrigon to smile.)
Āeksio yne ilīritas. — The Lord has smiled upon me.
prop. n. 3lun. Illyrio
Sȳrī avy ūjus dohaeragon. — May it serve you well.
pers.pron. we.
refl. 1lun. ourselves
  • īlva [ˈiːlva] -ys, -on, -or
poss. adj. I our
poss.pron. 3ter. ours
perfect: ilzitan
v. V-fin. to throw, to fling, to hurl, to toss, to scatter, to sow, to plant; to put to sleep
perfect: imastan
v. Obl. appl. V-fin. to come to, to arrive at, to attend an event. ( < i- + māzigon lit. to come for.)
Valar imāzissis. — All men must attend.
perfect: imazumptan
v. Obl. appl. C-fin. to join up with, to join only with volitional subjects ( < i- + maz- + umbagon)
perfect: imorghūltan
v. C-fin. to die for ( < i- + morghuljagon.)
Aōhor jaqiarzir ivīlībin imorghūlīn, jaqiarzus Dārȳs. — I fight and die for your glory, O glorious Queen.
perfect: imūdan
v. Obl. appl. C-fin. to sympathize with, to have sympathy for, to commiserate with s/o →acc. ( < i- + mundagon)
n. 3ter. sympathy, commiseration ( < imundagon + -non)
perfect: inditan
v. V-fin. to push; in the reflexive to intend →inf.
Kesir gaomagon drīvose aōle indiō daor. — You don't actually mean to do this.
n. 3ter. reason, motive, cause (type II substantive of the active present participle of indigon; lit. "pushing".)
n. 3ter. back, back part, back side
Kēli ñuho inkot ilza. — There is a cat on my back.
adv. in back, to the back, backward (loc./dat. case of inkon.)
Iōnos! Kostilus! Inkot jagon daor. — Jon! Please! Don't go back.
postp.→gen. behind, in back of
Astaprot dohaertrossa sīr yno inkot iōrzi, dāeri — Those who were slaves in Astapor now stand behind me, free.
prop. n. 3sol. Jonos, Jon a common name
Daoruni gīmī, Iōnos Sōnaro. — You know nothing, Jon Snow.
perfect: iōrtan
v. C-fin. to be standing, to stand.
n. 4sol. cold, coldness ( < iosre + -ves.)
Se iōrves yne dōrī jenitis. — The cold never bothered me.
  • iosre [ˈiosre], ioje [ˈioɟe], -ior, eq. iōrpa, comp. iōrkta, sup. iōrje
adj. II cold, cool to the touch; for something that feels cold see qapa
  • iosrūlirion [iosˈruːlirion], iojūlirion [ioˈɟuːlirion]
n. 3ter. autumn, fall ( < aorist participle of iosrūljagon + -ion.)
Iosrūlirion kesīr ilza. — Autumn is here.
  • iosrūljagon [iosˈruːʎaɡon], iojūljaɡon [ioˈɟuːʎaɡon]
v. C-fin. to cool, to become cool, to become cold, to cool off, to cool down ( < iosre + -ūljagon.)
perfect: iotāptan
v. Obl. appl. C-fin. to think of, to think about, to suspect ( < i- + otāpagon.)
perfect: iotāptetan
v. Obl. appl. V-fin. to respect; to consider (+ hae + loc.), to take into account; to consider the feelings of; to make plans taking into account the existence or importance of... ( < eventative of iotāpagon.)
n. 3ter. respect, consideration ( < iotāptegon + -non)
adv. respectfully, with respect (inst. of iotāptenon)
perfect: iprattan
v. C-fin. to eat (In origin the applicative of pradagon, a verb in any case not related to eating. It supplanted kisagon as the word for to eat. )
Valar Ipradis... Valar Ipradiks — All Men Must Eat... All Men Must Be Eaten.
perfect: iqrinumptan
v. Obl. appl. C-fin. to antagonize ( < i- + qrinumbagon)
n. 5aq. tax, collection, tithe (type II substantive of the passive perfect participle of irughagon; lit. "given".)
n. 2lun. gift, present ( < irughagon.)
Va ñellyrty perzys zȳhyz zaldrīzesse issi, Āeksiō Ōño irūdy. — Her dragons are fire made flesh, a gift from the Lord of Light.
Lo zȳhyz zaldrīzesse Āeksiō Ōño irūdy Daenerot issi, sepār Daenerys Āeksiō irūdy riñarta zȳhot issa. — Just as her dragons are a gift from the Lord of Light to Daenerys, so then is Daenerys a gift from the Lord to her children.
perfect: irūdan
v. Obl. appl. C-fin. to give, to offer, to present, to release to, to abandon to (can be used to mean to give regardless of the person of the subject, direct object or indirect object (recipient), although it is primarily used when all three arguments are third person, i.e. when the main synonym for to give, tepagon, cannot be used. If used in cases where a first or second person argument is present, it conveys a more formal tone than tepagon. < i- + rughagon, lit. to drop to).
n. 3sol. person, being, human, human being, individual (prob. subst. pres.part. of sagon, lit. being.)
n. 2sol. existence in the generic sense e.g. a rock exists even if it isn't alive ( < sagon + -arys.)
perfect: itetan
v. Obl. appl. C-fin. to finish with, to be finished with, to be done with ( < i- + tatagon)
perfect: ivestretan
v. Obl. appl. C-fin. to tell, to say to ( < i- + vestragon.)
v. Obl. appl. C-fin. to fight for →acc. ( < i- + vīlībagon to fight.)
Aōhor jaqiarzir ivīlībin imorghūlīn, jaqiarzus Dārȳs. — I fight and die for your glory, O glorious Queen.
perfect: izūgdan
v. Obl. appl. C-fin. to fear
Ñuhī zaldrīzī izūgilā. — You will fear my dragons.
  • izula [iˈzula] -ys, -on, -on
num. adj. I four
num. forty
num. adj. III fortieth
num. adj. III fourth

J

n. 3sol. summer
prop. n. 1aq°. the Lands of Summer, the Summer Isles usage unclear: it is not known wether this name is to be put in the the singular, plural, or even collective ( < jaedos + -ria.)
n. 3lun goddess (female deity) ( < jaeh- + -io.)
perfect: jeldan
v. C-fin. to want, to wish, to wish, to opt, to hope (for)
→inf. when there is a single subject
Henujagon jaelza lua vala mirre henujagon kostas. — Any man who wishes to leave may leave.
→subj. when there is a different subject, e.g. when s/o wants/hopes s/o else to do s/t
Daenerys avy ȳdrēlus jaelā? — Are you hoping Daenerys will talk to you?
perfect: jāeltan
v. Insv. C-fin. to store, to house (when an animate subject is used without an inanimate possessee, the subject is put in the genitive, as this is an instrumental passive) ( < z- + rāelagon)
n. 2sol. hope ( < jaelagon + -arys)
n. 3sol god, deity (male or female)
Jaehossi Uēpossi Arlȳssī. — By the Old Gods and the New.
Jaehossas sȳris sātās — Gods be good!
perfect: istan future: īnna
v. irreg. to go.
Sesīr īlot jagon! — Now let us go!
  • jāha [ˈɟaːha] -ys, -on, -or
poss. adj. I its, his, her
poss.pron. 3ter. its, his, hers
perfect: jaketan
v. Insv. V-fin. to contribute, to accompany, to add to (non-volitional subject; d/o [dat.]), ( < z- + rakegon.)
refl. 1lun. itself, himself, herself
n. 3sol. dog
Jaohossa rhovis. Jaohossa rhovisi. — The dogs are barking. Dogs bark.[1]
prop. n. 6pauc. lun. Jaqen (cf. jaqiarzir.)
Jaqen hen Lorathī iksos daor. — Jaqen is not from Lorath.
adj. I glorious (Aorist passive participle of unknown verb *jaqagon, perhaps from z- + raqagon.)
Aōhor jaqiarzir ivīlībin imorghūlīn, jaqiarzus Dārȳs. — I fight and die for your glory, O glorious Queen.
n. 5aq. glory (Type 2 substantive of jaqiarza.)
Aōhor jaqiarzir ivīlībin imorghūlīn, jaqiarzus Dārȳs. — I fight and die for your glory, O glorious Queen.
n. 6for.⊙° harpy ( < AV jazdan < Ghiscari )
Gūrogon Jazdano glaeson aōhon istos daor. — The Harpy's life was not yours to take
n. 1lun. season, cycle; time
n. 1aq. sky (cf. jēda time and jēdar year. Possibly originally a collective, like lentor, see also ēbrion.)
col. jēdrar sky, the skies, the heavens, heaven
n. 6col.1lun. year translated both as singular or plural (col. of jēda time.)
Biarior Arlior Jēdari! — Happy New Year!
Ñuho kepo kepa sīkude sīkudēpsā jēdari ūndas. — My father's father is seventy-seven years old.
Skorverdon jēdaro bonys azantys ūndas? — How old is that knight?
Azantys izule izulēpsā jēdari ūndas. — The knight is forty-four years old.
perfect: jehākotan
v. V-fin. to cheer, to cheer up, to brighten the mood of s/o →loc. ( < root *jeh-~bright + -ākogon, cf. below ↓.)
n. 1aq. emerald, malachite ( < *jeh-)
perfect: jehittan
v. C-fin. to shine; to shine on, illuminate →acc. something ( < *jeh- + -ikagon)
Āeksios, aōhos ōñoso īlōn jehikās. — Lord, cast your light upon us
postp.→gen. in the presence of (loc. of jehikarys.)
Jehikarȳ Kinvaro iōrāt, Eglio Vokto hen Rijībliot Volantīhot, Drīvo Perzo, Sylvio Ōño, Dohaeriro Ēlio Āeksiō Ōño syt. — You stand in the presence of Kinvara, High Priestess of the Red Temple of Volantis, the Flame of Truth, the Light of Wisdom, the First Servant of the Lord of Light.
n. 2sol. radiance, glow, halo; presence, bearing, countenance ( < jehikagon + -arys.)
v. C-fin. to blow, to gust of wind or of air out of one's mouth (from a root *jēl-, seen in jelmio etc., + -ēbagon.)
n. 1lun. storm, violent wind. Gen. Jelmāzmo Stormborn. ( < jelmio + -āzma.)
Nyke Daenerys Jelmāzmo hen Targārio Lentrot. — I am Daenerys Stormborn of the House Targaryen.
n. 6col.1lun. storms, storm, bad weather, violent weather, storm season ( < collective of jelmāzma.)
n. 3lun. wind (cf. jēlēbagon.)
n. 6col. wind, winds collectively or figuratively; weather
Udra jelmior issi. — Words are wind.
adj. III. northern ( < jelmor + -ōñe.)
n. 3aq. north (related to jelmio.)
Jelmor rūnis. — The North remembers
perfect: jentan
v. C-fin. to lead, to guide →acc. someone; →loc. from some place; →dat. to some place; if confusion is possible, use the prepositions hen and va; daoriot jemas it doesn't matter, lit. it leads nowhere
Roberti Dāri zȳhi nekēpti se Āeksiot Ōño jemagon. — Turn King Robert away from his idols and toward the Lord of Light.
pers.pron. you (plur.).
perfect: jemēptan
v. C-fin. to reign, to govern, to rule over, to lead in the political sense ( < jemagon+ -ēbagon).
Bōsirī zirys jemēbagon. — Long may she reign.
refl. 1lun. you, you all, yourselves
adj. I made of glass, glass, glassy (contains -enka.)
perfect: jenitan
v. V-fin. to touch, to abut; figuratively to bother with inanimate subjects ( < z- + renigon).
Se iōrves yne dōrī jenitis. — The cold never bothered me.
Lōgor ñuhi kris jenitas. — The boat touched my leg.
  • jēnqa [ˈɟeːɴqa] -ys, -on, -on
num. adj. I eight
num. adj. III eighth
num. eighty
num. adj. III eightieth
v. V-fin. to command, to lead in the sense of leading an army ( < eventative of jemagon.)
n. 3ter. leadership. ( < jemagon.)
Lo jention mirre nūmāzme ēza, iderenna qopsa verdagon issa. — If leadership is about anything, it’s about making hard choices.
n. 2sol. leader, ruler, commander. ( < jemagon.)
Jentys Dovaogēdyro syt iksā. — You are the leader of the Unsullied.
n. 2sol. glass coll. jenyr glass the substance
n. 3ter. dust, powder
perfect: jesurtan
v. C-fin. to powder, to dust, to sprinkle with powder or dust, to pour dust or powder on with s/t →ins. ( < jeson + -uragon)
  • jeva [ˈɟeva] -ys, -on, -or
poss. adj. I your (pl.)
poss.pron. 3ter. yours (pl.)
perfect: jittan
v. C-fin. to send, to send off, to put on something that doesn't naturally take whatever is being put e.g. putting a book on a table, not putting a shirt on a torso (prob. jagon + -ikagon.)
Va oktio remȳti vale jikās. — Send a man to the city gates.
Āeksio Ōño jemot Muñe Zaldrīzoti jittas. — The Lord of Light sent the Mother of Dragons to you.
perfect: jiōrtan
v. Obl. appl. C-fin. to accept, to receive, to welcome; to take in, to take on; to bring ( < i- + iōragon to stand)
Belmurtī ivestrās kesīr pōnte jiōrinna se pōjon obūljarion mazōrīnna. — Tell the slavers I will receive them here and accept their surrender.
Boni mitti jiōragon koston daor! — I cannot receive that fool!
with va →dat. to welcome to...
Va Mīrīnot jemī jiōran. — Welcome to Meereen.
in the future passive to be welcome.
Kesīr drējī jiōrilaks. — You are very welcome here.
n. 3ter. reception hall, reception area, receiving room, audience chamber ( < jiōragon + -ion)
n. 3ter. a welcome in acc. pl. excl. welcome! ( < jiōragon + -non.)
perfect: jogeltitan
v. V-fin. to silence, to attenuate, to soften, to dampen the sound of something, or a force akin to sound (prob. contains jo-.)
Elēni ñuhe jogeltigon sylutis, sepār jevon jogeltigon sylussi. Yn kostosy daor. — They tried to silence my voice, as they try to silence yours. But they cannot.
v. C-fin. to continue to slaughter ( < jo- + *heghagon to slaughter.)
Quptyssy pōntāle johegzi se jomōzū. — The heathen continue to slaughter each other and you continue to get drunk
perfect: jokoristan
v. irreg. to explore, to investigate (conjugates like jagon: jokorjos, jokorīles, jokoristas)
perfect: jollōrtan
v. C-fin. to study, to investigate →dat. something ( < jor- + lōragon to drill, to bore.)
Issarori jollōris lua riña. — A girl who studies people.
n. 3sol. student (subs. aor. part. of jollōragon.)
perfect: jomīstan
v. C-fin.. to wear →inst. equipment, armor or footwear →acc. on a body part ( < jo- + mīsagon, more specific than dīnagon.)
Bonys azantys geltose jomīsos daor. — That knight is not wearing a helmet.
v. V-fin. to continue to get drunk ( < jo- + mōzugon to drink.)
Quptyssy pōntāle johegzi se jomōzū. — The heathen continue to slaughter each other and you continue to get drunk
perfect: jonevetan
v. V-fin. to wear, to bear, to port, to sport as in wear ( < jo- + nevegon)
Vala mērī vellaros ziksannā joneves. — The man is wearing only pants and a hat.
perfect: jorarghutan
v. V-fin. to pursue, to chase after, to seek ( < jor- + arghugon)
perfect: joreptan
v. C-fin. to pray ( < jor- + epagon.)
Jaehot avy iderēbās jorepās. — Pick a god and pray.
→acc. to pray to, to beg
Zȳhi perzi stepagon Āeksio Ōño jorepi, se morghūltas lī qēlītsos sikagon. — We beg the Lord to share his fire, and light a candle that has gone out.
n. 3ter. prayer, begging ( < jorepagon + -non.)
Jeva jorepna ryptas se pōnte udlitas. — He has heard your prayers and answered them.
v. V-fin. to wring ondossa jorhakogon to wring one's hands ( < jor- + hakogon to pull)
Ondossa jorhakēlāt, lykāpsirī Zaldrīzoti Muño amāzinon jumbari? — Will you wring your hands, while you wait idly for the Mother of Dragons to return?
perfect: joriltan future: jorunna
v. C-fin. to rest, to nap, to take a nap ( < jor- + ilagon)
perfect: jorrāeltan
v. C-fin. to hold dear, to love, to cherish, to care for, to revere; to need( < jo- + rāelagon.)
Muñus jorrāeliarzus: Olvie hen embraro tolmiot nykēlot avy ivestragon issa. — Dearest Mother: So much news I have to give you from over the seas.
adj. I dear, beloved ( < aorist passive participle of jorrāelagon.)
Ñuhe jorrāeliarze kēli ellēnna! — I am going to hug my dear kitty.
n. 3lun. manager, politician (cf. jovēnnon, joverdagon.)
n. 3ter. managing, governing, politics (cf. jovēnnio, joverdagon.)
perfect: jovēttan
v. C-fin. to manage, to govern ( < jo- + verdagon.)
v. Obl. appl. V-fin. to be proud of →acc. ( < j- + hōzigon.)
Dārys azanti jōzigon kostos daor. — The king cannot be proud of the knight.
Yne jōzīlā? — Will you be proud of me?
perfect: judlitan
v. Obl. appl. V-fin. to respond to, to answer (s/o), to reply to ( < j- + udligon)
n. 3lun. archon ( < judligon + -io)
n. 3aq. milk
Aōhor jūlor mōzun. — I am drinking your milk.
n. 1lun. cheese ( < jūlor + -āzma)
perfect: jumptan
v. Obl. appl. C-fin. to wait for, to await ( < i + umbagon.)
Ondossa jorhakēlāt, lykāpsirī Zaldrīzoti Muño amāzinon jumbari? — Will you wring your hands, while you wait idly for the Mother of Dragons to return?
Ñuhe trēsi jumban. — I am waiting for my son.
  • Junkae, Yunkai [ˈɟuŋkae] gen. Junkaeho
prop. n. ter° Yunkai ( < Ghiscari)
Lodaor hēnkos vējose hae Astaprot Yunkai botilza. — Otherwise, Yunkai will suffer the same fate as Astapor.
perfect: jūndan
v. Obl. appl. V-fin. to look at, regard, to examine. ( < i- + urnegon.)
Nyke avy jūndan. — I looked at you.
Yne jurnē? — Are you looking at me?
n. 2sol. lookout, watch, sentry ( < jurnegon + -rys)

K

n. 3lun. savior (< kaerīnagon + -io.)
Jemot kaerīnio jittas! — He has sent you a savior!
n. 3ter. salvation (< kaerīnagon + -non.)
Jemēlo kaerīnnon ivīlībilāt? — Will you fight for your own salvation?
v. C-fin. to save, to deliver
Morgho jaehios, yne kaerīnās. Qringaomna ynot rāenābās. — Goddess of Death, deliver me. Cleanse me of my sins.
  • kara [ˈkara] -ys, -on, -or
adj. I great, magnificent, excellent
Daenerys karys jentys kessa. — Daenerys will be a great leader.
Zān kari zaldrīzī ūndan. — Yesterday I saw a magnificent dragon.
  • kasta [ˈkasta] -ys, -on, -or
adj. I blue, green
prop. n. 6for.6pauc. lun Catelyn
Yne buqā, Kātelissi? — Do you hate me Catelyn?
Kātelin qelbro bēvumbas. — Catelyn is floating on the river.
n. 5lun. cat, pauc. kēlin herd of cats[1]; qelbōñe kēli river otter; embōñe kēli sea otter.
Kēlir morghūlis — All cats must die.
v. C-fin. (irreg.) trans. to cease, to stop sth ( < keligon + -emagon)
perfect: kelitan
v. V-fin. to stop, to come to a stop, to cease Generally used intransitively, except in the perfect passive participle: keliton ended.
Dovaogēdys .... Kelītīs. — Unsullied .... Halt.
Sesīr Urnēbion Zȳhon Keliton Issa. — And Now His Watch Is Ended.
n. 3sol. chance (contains -ītsos)
n. 3lun. lion ( < kēli + -io.)
Azantys kēlio rȳbas. — The knight hears the lion.
n. 3sol. little cat, kitty ( < kēli + -ītsos.)
  • kempa [ˈkempa] -ys, -on, -or
adj. I heavy
n. 1lun. father; father's brother, paternal uncle.
riño kepa — the girl's father[1]
Kepo Tubis Biare — Happy Father's Day
v. C-fin.? to cook
  • kesa [ˈkesa] -ys, -on, -or
dem.pron. adj. I this proximal, inanimate
Kesys ondor avy sytilībus daor. — You should not have these powers.
dem.pron. 5aq. this one proximal, inanimate, for abstract or uncountable entitites, "this place."
Kesir gīmī. — You know this
Kesir sepār īlza — This too shall pass
kesrio syt because, for; on account of this.
dem.pron. adv. here (loc. of kesir.)
Belmurtī ivestrās kesīr pōnte jiōrinna. — Tell the slavers I will receive them here.
adv. in the same way, likewise. ( < demonstrative kes- + -kydoso.)
Mentyri idañe jevi ivestrilātās keskydoso gaomagon. — You shall tell your fellow soldiers to do likewise.
interj. yes (3s fut.act.ind. of sagon.)
dem.pron. 2lun. this one proximal, inanimate, for concrete, countable entities
n. 6for Khal, title used for the leader of a Dothraki horde ( < Doth. khal.)
n. 6for Khaleesi, Dothraki queen, wife of a khal ( < Doth. khaleesi.)
Hen Parmenko Embāzmā Khalēsi — Khaleesi of the Great Grass Sea
adj. I talkative, loquacious, garrulous
n. 3sol. spring
v. C-fin. to ride
Sesīr kipi. — And now we ride.
n. 4sol. joy ( < kirine + -ves.)
Naenio jēdoti kirimvose glaesātās! — May you live happily for many years!
  • kirimvose [kiˈrimvose], kirimvos [kiˈrimvos]
exp. thank you. (Inst. of kirimves.)
kirimvose daor no thank you, kirimvose, sȳz iksan thanks I'm good.
adj. II happy
Tubī hae kesīr sittāks, sesīr kirine iksan. — You were born on a day like this one, and so I am happy.
v. obsolete word for to eat. Word persists in Classical High Valyrian, but it is considered coarse.
n. 1aq. feast, (contains -albar (cf. geralbar), presumably related to kisagon, an obsolete verb meaning "to eat".)
Lāroti syt kisalbar — A Feast for Crows
perfect: kisittan
v. C-fin. to feed →acc. the recipient, →inst. the food. ( < kisagon + -ikagon.)
Zoklī havoso kisittoty daor. — We did not feed the wolves bread.
n. 3lun. promise, oath (possibly related to kivo)
Jemot kīvio ñuhe tepan — I give you my word.
exp. kīvȳso by oath
Kīvȳso valar Dārio laehot gīda kesosy. — You swore that all men would be equal in the Queen's eyes.
Kīviō Dārilaros The Prince That Was Promised
Mērī kīviō dārilaros ōz maghagon kostas. — Only the prince who was promised can bring the dawn.
Ziry kīviō dārilaros issa, se zȳhon suvio perzō vāedar issa. — He is the prince that was promised, and his is the song of ice and fire.
n. 3lun. footprint
n. 3sol fish
Kesy ñuhys klios issa. — This one is my fish.
  • kona [ˈkona] -ys, -on, -or
dem.pron. adj. I that distal, inanimate
dem.pron. 5aq. that one distal, inanimate, for abstract or uncountable entities, that place.
Dārys issa vestris, se prūmio ñuho konir drējior issa. — They say he is a king and of my heart that is true.
Konir sagon kostos daor. — That's not possible.
dem.pron. adv. there (loc. of konir.)
n. 3aq. steam, vapor.
dem.pron. 2lun. that one distal, inanimate, for concrete, countable entities
adv. evilly, wickedly ( < kōz + )
n. 4lun. longsword, sword (cf. korzion, korzita.)
Korzoti Jelmāzma — A Storm of Swords
n. 3ter. steel, especially, but not exclusively Valyrian steel (cf. korze.)
adj. I firm, taut, stretched (Perh. from a verb *korzigon.)
Korzitī prūbrī jorrāelan. — I like the firm apples.
perfect: kōttan
v. C-fin. to be able, can, may.
Konir sagon kostos daor — That's not possible.
Henujagon jaelza lua vala mirre henujagon kostas. — Any man who wishes to leave may leave.
Vestragon koston daor. — I cannot say.
n. 1aq. value, worth, cost, importance
adj. I worthless ( < kostilla + -qitta; note that the variant -oqitta is not used)
adv. perhaps; exp. please. (3s. fut.act.subj. of kostagon, lit. be it possible.)
Kostilus jevi āeksia yno bē pirtra jemot vestretis. — Your masters may have told you lies about me.
n. 3lun. hero, champion (< kostagon + -io.)
n. 3ter. power, might, ability ( < kostagon + -ion.)
Sēteroti kostion vale ossȳngas. — The power of the magic spells frightens the man.
adj. I powerful, strong, mighty ( < kostagon)
Mittys iksā. Āeksia tolī kostōbi issi. — You’re a fool. The masters are too strong.
Kostōba Nēdenkā. — Strong and Brave.
adv. powerfully, mightily, strongly ( < kostōba + -irī.)
Zokla kēlio kostōbirī angotas. — The wolf bit mightily into the lion.
  • kōz [koːz] kōrior
adj. II evil, wicked, bad
Vēdroso azantys kōz dāri idakotas. — In anger the knight attacked the evil king.
Kōrī dārys sōptas. — Wickedly the king laughed.
n. 3lun. beet
Skoro syt kesī krēga bāngā? — Why are you baking these beets?
n. 3sol. leg
Averilloma vala azanti krihot ondurtas. — The drunk man grabbed the knight by the leg.
n. 3sol. dwarf, midget (cf. AV krubo)
perfect: kustittan
v. C-fin. to strengthen, enable, encourage ( < kostagon + -ikagon.)
Ābre kustittas lua vala raqiros issa. — The man who encouraged the woman is a friend.
n. 6col.1aq. silk (material) (coll. of kynar < kyno, cf. kȳdrenka.)
adj. I silk (< kȳdrar + -enka)
perfect: kydȳptan
v. C-fin. to measure (prob. contains -bagon.)
Kydȳptakson sȳz kesos. — It would be good to have been measured.
n. 1aq. silk
n. 5aq. intestine (countable)
n. 6col.5aq. intestines
n. 3lun. silkworm
adj. I cloth (< kyrstor + -enka)
n. 6col.3ter. cloth (countable)
n. 6col.3ter. cloth, fabric, textile (coll. of kyrston piece of cloth, cf. kyrstenka)
v. V-fin. to plan
Kȳvaōks daor, ñuhus trēsys. — You were not planned, my son.
prop. n. Cyvasse, a Volantene board game, lit. strategist ( < kȳvagon + -kio.)
n. 3ter. Cyvasse parlour (< kȳvakio + -ion.)
n. 3ter. plan, strategy ( < kȳvagon + -non.)

L

n. 3ter face (< laes + -urlion.)
adj. I faceless ( < laehurlion face + -oqitta.)
Laehurloqitti Vali The Faceless Men.
n. 3sol. eye.
Laehossa yne ōdris. — My eyes hurt.
n. 6col.5sol. footwear (collective of landis)
n. 5sol. boot
n. 3ter. cobbler (shop) ( < landis + -urlion.)
prop. n. 3ter. Lannisport
  • lanta [ˈlanta] -ys, -on, -or
num. adj. I two
...kesrio syt lanta iksan. — ...for now I am two.
num. twenty
num. adj. III twentieth
n. 2lun. fox
n. 3sol. mask (contains -iapos. Cf. laodigon, qrillaodigon.)
Laodiaposo jomīsagon avy sytilīptas. — You should have worn the mask.
v. V-fin. to steal, to abduct
n. 3lun. thief, cutpurse,robber, plunderer ( < laodigon + -kio.)
n. 1lun. crow
  • lēda [ˈleːda] -ys, -on, -or
adj. I filled, full →gen. with..., of... (perf. part. of leghagon.)
Kesrio syt bantis zōbrie issa se ossȳngnoti lēdys. — For the night is dark and full of terrors
perfect: lēdetan
v. V-fin. to close off (eventative of leghagon)
perfect: lēdan
v. C-fin. to fill. →acc. the thing being filled, →gen. the substance with which it is filled, →inst. the instrument by which it is filled.
n. 1lun. older brother; older male cousin by father's brother or mother's sister.
Viserys Daenero lēkia issa. — Viserys is Daenerys's brother.
n. 3ter. house as in a physical building in which one lives.
n. 3aq. house in the sense of family, noble line, dynasty. (originally a relexified collective of lenton, which was then reanalyzed into a 3aq. noun.)
Nyke Daenerys Jelmāzmo hen Targārio Lentrot. — I am Daenerys Stormborn of the House Targaryen.
n. 6col.3ter. village (col. of lenton.)
adj. invar. civil (dat./loc. of lenton, lit. at home)
Lo īlve dārie pāsagon kostoty daor, skoros lentot vīlībāzme keliemilus? — If we can't trust our Queen, what *will keep us from civil war?
n. 6pauc.3ter. community (relexified paucal of lenton.)
v. C-fin. to tie, to bind
v. C-fin. to dance
Valar lilis. — All men must dance.
perfect: limatan
v. V-fin. to cry
Valar limassis, hāedus. Valar limassis. — All men must cry, little sister. All men must cry.
perfect: liortan
v. C-fin. to sell
Dohaeriros istin, sindita liortā, qilonta ozbartā. — I was a slave once, bought and sold, scourged and branded.
adj. I for sale (fut.pass.part. of lioragon.)
n. 3lun. seller, monger, purveyor ( < lioragon + -io.)
mīsītsoro liorio clothier, clothes seller; kyrstoro liorio mercer; klihoro liorio fishmonger; averilloti liorio wine purveyor
rel.pron. that which (is) for abstract or uncountable entitites (subst. of lua.)
Valo lurio vaoresan. — I prefer that which is a man‘s.
v. V-fin. to smile
perfect: ilīritan
n. 3ter? smile ( < līrigon to smile + -non.)
Prūmiā līrinoso rēbās! — Walk with a smile in your heart!
adj. II cute, pretty, fair, beautiful.
Gryves se Riña Litse. — The Bear and the Maiden Fair.
conj. if (perh. related to lua?)
Lo jention mirre nūmāzme ēza, iderenna qopsa verdagon issa. — If leadership is about anything, it’s about making hard choices.
lo sīr now that
Jemēlo kaerīnnon ivīlībilāt, lo sīr Dāria Daenerys jemī ivīlībagon kesīr īlos daor? — Will you fight for your own salvation, now that Queen Daenerys is not here to fight for you?
conj. otherwise. (lo + daor.)
Lodaor hēnkos vējose hae Astaprot Yunkai botilza. — Otherwise, Yunkai will suffer the same fate as Astapor.
n. 3aq. ship, boat (cf. loktys.)
Lōgor ñuhi kris jenitas. — The boat touched my leg.
n. 2sol. sailor. (cf. lōgor.)
n. 3aq? salt
v. C-fin. to drill, to bore Takes a dative object.
prop. n. 6for. Lorath
Jaqen hen Lorathī iksos daor. — Jaqen is not from Lorath.
n. 2lun. tunnel, hole ( < lōragon.)
Azantys lōrtot udekurza. — The knight is approaching the tunnel.
  • lōta [ˈloːta] -ys, -on, -or
adj. I solid
n. 2lun pie
Tolī rhūqo lōtinti, kostilus. — More pigeon pie, please.
Ñuhys raqiros lōtinti aōho trēso hobrenko syt bāngas! — My friend is baking a pie for your idiotic son!
adv. steadfastly ( < lōta + -irī.)
Lo Dārie se pāsābari sytiotāpia lōtirī jorrāeloty, sepār dōre vala arlī īlōn belmurilza. — If we are steadfast in our love for the Queen and her faithful advisors, no man will ever lock us in chains again
  • lōz [loːz] lōrior
adj. II wet, moist
rel.pron. adj. who, which, that; agrees with head noun's gender, case & number(?) in main clause (from same source as lūs.)
adj. III sick
v. V-fin. to fold
n. 3ter. ankle (perh. < lurugon.)
n. 3sol. type, kind (from same source as lua.)
rel.pron. one which (is) for concrete, countable entities (subst. of lua.)
Valo luo vaoresan. — I prefer one which is a man‘s.
adj. I quiet, silent, calm ( < lyks.)
Sȳndroso lykāpa… — Quiet as a shadow…
Taobi voktī lykirī sōptis. — The boys laughed quietly at the priests.
adv. idly ( < *lykāpsa + -irī, presumably ultimately derived from lyka.)
Ondossa jorhakēlāt, lykāpsirī Zaldrīzoti Muño amāzinon jumbari? — Will you wring your hands, while you wait idly for the Mother of Dragons to return?
perfect: lykēdan
v. C-fin. (irreg.) to silence, to calm (< lyka + emagon)
Aōle lykemās. — Be quiet.
adv. quietly, silently, calmly ( < lyka + -irī)
n.3sol. peace (cf. lyka.)
lyks mazverdagon to bring peace
Meli Voktyssy Mīrīnī lyks mazverdagon beldis. — The Red Priests helped bring peace to Meereen.
prop. n. 3sol. Lys
Lyvo vali ābrī gevī laehossa ēzi. — The men and women have beautiful eyes.
Zān hen Lyvot ābre ūndan. — Yesterday I saw a woman from Lys.

M

n. 5lun. wise-woman, witch (original language uncertain, but declension class suggests a Valyrian origin. Root meaning may be wise.)
v. C-fin. to bring, to carry
Udrāzmī jemot maghon daor. Iderennon maghan. — I do not bring you commands. I bring you a choice.
perfect: majattan
v. C-fin. to admire ( < maz- + raqagon.)
perfect: majēptan
v. C-fin. to go in, to go through, to enter ( < maz- + rēbagon)
n. 3aq. rice (DJP supposes that the Valyrians cultivated it.)
v. C-fin. to raise, →acc: to celebrate.
Yn aderī, mōrī, aōt māzīli se hēnkirī īlvi biarvī manaerili. — But soon, when it is all over, we shall come to you and celebrate together.
adj. I considerate, kind, courteous
Mandys azantys ābroti usōvetas. — The courteous knight apologized to the women.
n. 1lun. older sister; older female cousin by father's brother or mother's sister.
Lyki Mandī avy urnesi! — The Silent Sisters see you!
adv. courteously, kindly, deferentially ( < manda + -irī)
adj. I symmetrical, balanced
n. 1lun bat.
perfect: massitan
v. V-fin. to happen (perh. maz- + sigon, aorist of sagon, to come to be.)
"Skorion massitas?" "Qringōntan." — "What happened?" "I failed."
n. 3ter. occurrence, event ( < massigon + -non, cf. AV másino question)
n. 2sol. present as in the present tense, or the present times ( < massigon + -rys)
perfect: mazēdan
v. C-fin. (irreg.). to take, to get, to obtain, to gain (lit. come to have, < maz- + emagon)
perfect: mastan
v. V-fin. to come, to arrive
adj. II future, coming, to come, soon to be, one day ( < future participle of māzigon)
n. 3ter. future, the future, that which is to come ( < māzīlare + -ion)
Hen māzīlariot māzī. — We come from the future.
perfect: mazilīptan
v. C-fin. to lie down, to go to sleep; to set (of the sun) (lit. come to lie < maz- + ilībagon, < ilagon to lie (down) + -ībagon.)
Lo vēzos endiā sīmonus se ñāqot mazilībus. — When the sun rises in the west and sets in the east.
perfect: maziōrtan
v. C-fin. to stand up (lit. come to stand < maz- + iōragon)
perfect: mazōretan
v. V-fin. to accept, to take e.g. a present or gift (lit. come to hold < maz- + ōregon.)
Belmurtī ivestrās kesĪr pōnte jiōrinna se pōjon obūljarion mazōrīnna. — Tell the slavers I will receive them here and accept their surrender.
perfect: mazumptan
v. C-fin. to settle, to settle down; to join up with a group →com. ( < maz- + umbagon, lit. to come to stay)
n. 1aq°. nest, roost, in general, the area around the place one has settled in, so it can also be a word for one's home or room or work area ( < mazumbagon + -illa)
perfect: mazūndan
v. V-fin. to catch sight of ( < maz- + urnegon, see also ūndegon)
perfect: mazvēttan
v. C-fin. to create (lit. come to arrange, < maz- + verdagon.)
Valar mazvēttas luos belmossi zirȳle tolvȳs gaomoso iderennosō letis — All men bind themselves with chains that they have created, through every deed and decision.
Īlōn pryjassis līr īlōn mazverdis. — What destroys us, creates us.
lyks mazverdagon to bring peace
Meli Voktyssy Mīrīnī lyks mazverdagon beldis. — The Red Priests helped bring peace to Meereen.
n. 3ter. metal (generic term)
adj. II red, reddish, red-orange, dark orange, dark brown
Mele Voktys Red Priest i.e. a cleric of the Lord of Light.
Meli Voktyssy Mīrīnī lyks mazverdagon beldis. — The Red Priests helped bring peace to Meereen.
prop. n. 4lun. Melisandre (possibly of Asshai'i origin, but cf. mele.)
n. 1aq. pear tree (cf. melvo)
n. 3lun. pear
Ñuha muña melvo nektos. — My mother is slicing a pear.
perfect: memēptan
v. C-fin. to march. (-ēbagon formation off of a root *mem-.)
Dovaogēdys! Naejot memēbātās! — Unsullied! Forward march!
n. 6pauc.2sol. battalion, squad, squadron, phalanx (relexicalized paucal of mentys; military term)
n. 6col.2sol. army
n. 2sol soldier (common root with memēbagon)
Dovaogēdys! Āeksia ossēnātās, menti ossēnātās! — Unsullied! Slay the masters, slay the soldiers!
col. mentyr
Mentyri idañe jevi ivestrilātās keskydoso gaomagon. — You shall tell your fellow soldiers to do likewise.
n. 2lun. body
Ābra mīsvoso zȳhe mēni jomīsas. — The woman is wearing armor on her body.
prop. n. 4sol. Meraxes, one of the dragons used in Aegon's invasion of Westeros.
perfect: merbutan
v. V-fin. to hunger, to be hungry →inst. for something.
Merbun. — I'm hungry.[1]
num. adj. II one, sole, only
adv. only, alone, solely, exclusively ( < mēre + .)
Dāerves jevys tepagon yne sytilībos daor. Jemēle mērī sytilības. — Your freedom is not mine to give. It belongs to you and you alone.
adv. once, one time ( < mēre.)
Mērī mēriot ziry vūjitan! — I only kissed her once!
adj. I lonely, alone, single (equative of mēre)
Ñuhi kēla mērpi sosy daor — My cats are not lonely.
n. 1lun., or n. 6for.[3] the Ghiscari word for mother, widely used in Slaver's Bay. One of Daenerys Targaryen's titles. ( < AV mysa < Ghiscari mhysa.)
  • mība [ˈmiːba] -ys, -on, -or
adj. I short physically and temporally.
Mirri ōdria uēpi dōrī drējī zgiēñisi, sepār hen mībājȳr udīr ānogrosa anehussi. — Some old wounds never truly heal, and bleed again at the slightest word.
perfect: mījāeltan
v. C-fin. to pawn, to accept as a pledge, to accept as pawned (the subject is the one who agrees to lend money for a pawned good, and it is rendered in the genitive; the object is the pawned good. ( < mī- + jāelagon)
n. 3ter. pawnshop, pawnbroker (shop) ( < mījāelagon + -ion)
perfect: mijetan
v. V-fin. to lack, be without, be apart from. →inst.
Dōrior dārion udrirzi mijessis. — There’s no country without a language.
n. 3ter. lack, dearth
postp.→com./inst./gen. without (In earlier stages of the language, animate nouns take the comitative and inanimate nouns take the instrumental (cf. mijegon). In later stages and in informal contexts, both types of nouns take the genitive. Also, if making a general statement, the noun is in the singular.)
prop. n. 6pauc. lun. Meereen
Mīrīno Dāria — Queen of Meereen
adj. II any This word has many uses, corresponding almost exactly to those of the English equivalent any; some.
In the sense of all:
Henujagon jaelza lua vala mirre henujagon kostas. — Any man who wishes to leave may leave.
in the sense of whatever:
Muñar aōt teptas lue brōzi, iā mirre tolie iderēbās. — Choose the name your parents gave you, or any other.
as opposed to none:
Lo jention mirre nūmāzme ēza, iderenna qopsa verdagon issa. — If leadership is about anything, it’s about making hard choices.
with a negative:
Jomōzussis lua vala mirros ēngoso ȳdrassigon kostilos daor. — A man who keeps getting drunk will not be able to speak any language
In the sense of some:
Mirri ōdria uēpi dōrī drējī zgiēñisi... — Some old wounds never truly heal...
adv. a bit, somewhat ( < mirre + .)
indef.pron. somewhere/anywhere ( < mirre.)
Kesīr mirriot dēmā? — Are you sitting anywhere here?
indef.pron. 3sol something, anything? (substantive of mirre.)
Ynot mirros epās! — Ask me something!
pauc. mirrun indef.pron. some, some people.
Mirrun mōrqitto bantiot sikiks. — Some are born to endless night.
coll. mirror indef.pron. whatever
Ynot mirrori tepās. — Give me whatever.
indef.pron. 2sol. Someone, anyone (< mirre + -tys)
Tolvys mirtys issa. — Everybody is someone.
perfect: mīstan
v. C-fin.. to defend, to protect. →acc. of the thing protected
n. 3lun. protector ( < mīsagon + -io.)
Riñītsoti mīsio. — Protector of little girls.
n. 6col.3sol. clothes, clothing (collective of mīsītsos.)
n. 3sol. armor ( < mīsagon + -vos.)
Ñuhos mīsvoso jomīsā? — Are you wearing my armor?
perfect: mīteptan
v. C-fin. to lend ( < mī- + tepagon, "to give temporarily", cf. mītepio.)
n. 3lun. lender; gēlȳndo mītepio money lender ( < mītepagon + -io.)
n. 2sol. fool, idiot, moron
Mittys iksā. Āeksia tolī kostōbi issi. — You’re a fool. The masters are too strong.
v. C-fin. to forget; to misplace ( < mīv- + ojughagon to lose)
n. 2lun. horn
adj. II dead
Ionos Sōnaro morghe iksos daor. — Jon Snow isn't dead.
col. subst. morghor the dead
Bosys bantis amāzis, se morghor zijomy amāzis. — The long night is coming, and the dead come with it.
n. 3ter. death
Morghot nēdyssy sesīr zūgusy azantys vestras. — The knight says that even the brave men fear death.
adj. II mortal (future participle of morghūljagon.)
perfect: morghūltan
v. C-fin. to die ( < morghe + -ūljagon.)
of fire to burn out
Zȳhi perzi stepagon Āeksio Ōño jorepi, se morghūltas lī qēlītsos sikagon. — We beg the Lord to share his fire, and light a candle that has gone out.
Valar morghūlis All men must die, a common greeting.
n. 5sol. end, conclusion; loc. or adv. mōrī at the end, finally; va mōriot always lit. to the end.
adj. I endless, ceaseless ( < mōris end + -qitta.)
Mirrun mōrqitto bantiot sikiks. — Some are born to endless night.
v. V-fin. to drink
Aōhor jūlor mōzun. — I am drinking your milk.
perfect: mūdan
v. C-fin. to be miserable, to be sad
He hears the Stone Men in their misery… — mundari dorenki rȳbis…
Ñuha kēli byka mundas! — My little cat is sad!
n. 3ter. sorrow (perh. mundagon + -non?)
n. 1lun. mother; mother's sister, maternal aunt.
Muño ēngos mother tongue.
Muña Zaldrīzoti. — The Mother of Dragons.
Coll. muñar "parents."
Muñar aōt teptas lue brōzi, iā mirre tolie iderēbās. — Choose the name your parents gave you, or any other.
prop. n. 3aq. Myr
n. 2sol. or 2lun. deer
Sȳndroso lykāpa, myrdomy aderpa, iēdrosa gīdāpa. Zūger korzose trūmȳtrī nektossis. — Quiet as a shadow, swift as a deer, calm as still water. Fear cuts deeper than swords.

N

perfect: nābēdan
v. C-fin. to unfasten, to unleash; to fire a siege engine ( < nā- + bēmagon, to fasten.)
v. to remove ( < nā- + dīnagon)
Geltī aōhe nādīnās. — Remove your helmet.
n. 3sol. forehead ( < naejon + -ītsos.)
n. 3ter. front, torso
Zȳhon naejon kostōbon issa; zȳhon inkon daor. — His front is powerful, his back is not.
n. 3sol. breast, chest, top half of the torso (cf. naejon.)
adv. forward, in front, to the front (the locative or dative case of naejon.)
Dovaogēdys! Naejot memēbātās! — Unsullied! Forward march!
postp.→gen. in front of, before
  • naena [ˈnaena] -ys, -on, -or
num. n. 1lun. many, multitude, horde (often used in the collective for a countless number, too high to count, cf. naenie.)
perfect: naenākotan
v. V-fin. to multiply, to increase s/t →loc. ( < naena + -ākogon.)
adj. III many (cf. naena.)
perfect: nagetan
v. V-fin. to sweat (cf. nager.)
Taoba nagetos daor. — The boy did not sweat.
perfect: nāgeltitan
v. V-fin. to uncover, to reveal, to expose ( < nā- + geltigon.)
n. 3aq. sweat (cf. nagegon.)
n. 4sol. Inequality
Dobotēdāves. Nāgīdāves. Qrinuntenkāves. — Ignorance. Inequality. Antagonism.
v. C-fin. to remove, to move (only s/t which doesn't naturally belong on or at the place from which it's being removed [e.g. a book from a table, not a shirt from a torso or a ring from a finger]) ( < nā- + jikagon.)
Ziry nājikātās! — Take him!
adj. I weak ( < nā- + kostōba.)
n. 4sol. weakness (< nākostōba + -ves.)
Raqnon nākostōbāves issa. — Love is weakness.
adj. II immortal ( < nā- + morghūljagon.)
n. 3sol. immortal (nominalized form of nāmorghūlilare.)
n. 3sol. unbeliever ( < nā- + pāsiros subst. aor. part. of pāsagon.)
Pyryrzy nāpāsirossa vokemilzi, va daorunto ñelli qringaomnā pōjo zālari. — They will purify nonbelievers by the thousands, burning their sins and flesh away.
n. 2sol. unbeliever ( < nā- + pāsagon + -tys)
Belma se pōnte sētessis lȳri nāpāstyri ozzālilāt? — Will you burn away the chains and the nonbelievers who make them?
perfect: nāqopsēdan
v. C-fin. (irreg.) to make easy, to simplify ( < *nāqopsa + -emagon.)
Qrinuntomy tolvie Āeksio brōzagon gaomon zȳho quptyro syt nāqopsemagon issa, kesos daor? — Naming every Master an enemy would make it easier for his people, wouldn't it?
n. 5aq. that which is easy, the basics (substantive of *nāqopsa easy < nā- + qopsa.)
n. 3ter. shame (cf. rijes) nārijoso botagon to feel shame.
Nārijoso botagon koston daor. — I am incapable of feeling shame.
n. 1aq. lake
adj. I brave ( < nēdys + -enka.)
Kostōba Nēdenkā. — Strong and Brave.
adv. bravely ( < nēdenka + .)
n. 2sol brave person (substantivized form of *nēda brave.)
Morghot nēdyssy sesīr zūgusy azantys vestras. — The knight says that even the brave men fear death.
v. V-fin. to leak → inst. of the substance leaked, e.g. ānogrosa nehugon to bleed
Insv. anehugon to leak with impersonal subjects.
Mirri ōdria uēpi dōrī drējī zgiēñisi, sepār hen mībājȳr udīr ānogrosa anehussi. — Some old wounds never truly heal, and bleed again at the slightest word.
v. C-fin. to carve
n. 2lun. idol (substantivized perfect participle from nekēbagon to carve; compare nektogon to cut, and the English expression graven image.)
Roberti Dāri zȳhi nekēpti se Āeksiot Ōño jemagon. — Turn King Robert away from his idols and toward the Lord of Light.
perfect: nektotan
v. V-fin. to cut, to slice.
Ābra gerpī nektotas. — The woman cut the fruit.
n. 2lun. door
Nerni ōrēs! — Hold the door!
perfect: nevetan
v. V-fin. to carry
Azantys taobe zenturliot nevetas. — The knight carried the boy to the inn.
n. 3ter. plain, field
n. 1aq. cave ( < nopon + -albar.)
n. 1lun hell (< nopon + -āzma.)
Sīkudi nopāzmi! — Seven hells!
n. 3ter. hole, pit
prop. n. 3sol. Norvos
adj. I grey (cf. nudha, perh. ñuqir.)
n. 1lun. meaning, essence, the truth of it (probably nūmo + -āzma.)
Lo jention mirre nūmāzme ēza, iderenna qopsa verdagon issa. — If leadership is about anything, it’s about making hard choices.
Aōle rūda, nūmāzma issa. — You quit, you mean.
n. 3lun. pearl, jewel (cf. nūmo)
n. 3lun. seed (cf. nūmio)
n. 4sol. cow, female head of cattle
pers.pron. I.
refl. 1lun. myself
v. to call

Ñ

n. 1lun. father's younger sister's child, cousin by paternal aunt younger than father.
Iōnos ñuha ñābranna issa. — Jon is my cousin.
n. 1aq. father's younger sister, paternal aunt younger than father.
Rhaella aōhor ñāmar issa? — Is Rhaella your aunt?
adj. I east, eastern
n. 4sol. morning, but can also refer to the dawn. ( < ñāqa.)
n. 3ter. east, the east
Lo vēzos endiā sīmonus se ñāqot mazilībus. — When the sun rises in the west and sets in the east.
n. 2lun. skin, flesh (countable)
Pyryrzy nāpāsirossa vokemilzi, va daorunto ñelli qringaomnā pōjo zālari. — They will purify nonbelievers by the thousands, burning their sins and flesh away.
n. 6col.2lun. skin, flesh (uncountable)
va ñellyrty perzys fire made flesh
Va ñellyrty perzys zȳhyz zaldrīzesse issi, Āeksiō Ōño irūdy. — Her dragons are fire made flesh, a gift from the Lord of Light.
v. V-fin. to sew
n. 4lun. arm
Nykēlo syt ūndon daor luo valzȳro ñōghossi ōressiks. — I find myself held by the arms of a husband I never expected to have.
adj. I armless ( < ñōghe + -oqitta.)
ñoghoqitta rīza — armless lizard
n. 3ter. elbow ( < ñōghe + ybon.)
Ñuhon ñōghybon renigon daor, mittys! — Don't touch my elbow, fool!
n. 4sol. elephant
n. 4sol. chicken
  • ñuha [ˈɲuha] -ys, -on, -or
poss. adj. I my
poss.pron. 3ter. mine
adv. in my way, as I wish (ins. of ñuha.)
Aōhoso ziry rijībiā, se ñuhoso ziry rijībin. — You worship Him your way, and I'll worship Him mine.
n. 1aq. soap
n. 5aq. ash, ashes
Hen sȳndrorro, ōños. Hen ñuqīr, perzys. Hen morghot, glaeson. — From darkness, light. From ashes, fire. From death, life.

O

adj. I curved, bowed, arched, bent, convex
n. 1aq. curve
v. C-fin. to bend
reflexive to bend the knee ( < *ob- seen in obar curve + -ūljagon.)
Se morghon jāle obulilza. — And death itself will bend the knee.
n. 3ter. surrender (type II substantive of active present participle of obūljagon; lit. "bending (the knee)".)
Belmurtī ivestrās kesīr pōnte jiōrinna se pōjon obūljarion mazōrīnna. — Tell the slavers I will receive them here and accept their surrender.
n. 3sol. arch
v. C-fin. to hurt especially of body parts, with the person in the acc.
Laehossa yne ōdris. — My eyes hurt.
n. 4sol. pain; damage. (cf. ōdragon.)
v. C-fin.? "to harm." ( < ōdres + -ikagon.)
daorys ziry ōdrikilza. — no one will harm him.
n. 3lun. wound (from the same root as ōdres, but "different ... because it’s a specific pain, not a general sensation.")
Mirri ōdria uēpi dōrī drējī zgiēñisi... — Some old wounds never truly heal...
n. 1aq. hair
v. C-fin. to stab (poss. oz- + hīlagon.)
n. 3sol. dagger, knife ( < ohīlagon + -vos.)
Azantys ohīlvoso taobe idakos! — The knight is attacking the boy with a dagger!
n. 3lun. fat
perfect: ojehittan
v. C-fin. to bless. ( < oz- + jehikagon.)
n. 3ter. blessing
n. 1aq°. sex as in sexual intercourse ( < oz- + renigon + -illa; lit. "the result of intense touch".)
perfect: ojūdan
v. C-fin. to lose, to misplace ( < oz- + rughagon.)
n. 3ter city
Va oktio remȳti vale jikās. — Send a man to the city gates.
adv. a lot, profusely
Issa, olvī ziry jorrāelan. — Yes, I love him very much.
adj. III much, many
Olvī voktī Rulloro Qelbriā ūndessun daor. — I don’t see many priestesses of R’hllor in the Riverlands.
Olvie hen embraro tolmiot nykēlot avy ivestragon issa. — So much news I have to give you from over the seas.
indef.pron. 6pauc.2sol much, many
Olvȳni zaldrīzī eman. — I have many dragons.
n. 3ter. amaranth
n. 6col.3sol. powers (relex. col. of ondos.)
Kesys ondor avy sytilībus daor. — You should not have these powers.
n. 3sol. hand. For ondor and ondoso see the respective entries.
Jentys bykyz ondossa ēza. — The ruler has small hands.
postp.→gen. by, at the hand of, used with passive verbs to mark the agent. (Inst. of ondos.)
Valo ondoso Aerys iderēbaks. — Aerys is selected for by the man.
v. C-fin. to grasp, to take up, to grab, to seize, to obtain ( < ondos + -uragon)
Iā jemēla zȳhys perzī ondurilāt? — Or will you take up her flames yourselves?
adj. I crooked, gnarled, wrinkled
n. 3sol. carrot
Anne onjapossa ipradas. — The horse is eating carrots.
n. 3sol. light
Roberti Dāri zȳhi nekēpti se Āeksiot Ōño jemagon. — Turn King Robert away from his idols and toward the Lord of Light.
n. 1aq. smoke
v. V-fin. to hold
Nykēlo syt ūndon daor luo valzȳro ñōghossi ōressiks. — I find myself held by the arms of a husband I never expected to have.
perfect: oskistan
v. C-fin. to eat ( < oz- + kisagon.)
v. C-fin. to squeeze (probably oz- + unknown verb *pȳnagon probably meaning to press .)
v. C-fin. to kill, to slay. ( < oz- + sēnagon.)
Dovaogēdys! Āeksia ossēnātās, menti ossēnātās! — Unsullied! Slay the masters, slay the soldiers!
n. 3lun. murderer ( < ossēnagon + -io.)
v. to terrify, terrorize (Etymology unknown but does not contain oz-, and is not primordially related to zūgagon.)
n. 3ter. terror ( < ossȳngagon + -non.)
Kesrio syt bantis zōbrie issa se ossȳngnoti lēdys. — For the night is dark and full of terrors
perfect: otāptan
v. C-fin. to think, to opine
Skoros otāpā? — What do you think?
n. 3aq. ram, male sheep.
n. 3lun. jasmine flower.
  • ōz [oːz] on-
n. 3sol. dawn (perhaps distantly related to ōños?)
Mērī kīviō dārilaros ōz maghagon kostas. — Only the prince who was promised can bring the dawn.
perfect: ozbartan
v. C-fin. to brand (< oz- + baragon.)
Hae jeme istin. Sindity se liorty, qilonty se ozbārty, qrillaetty se vaogēdy. — I was once as you are now. Bought and sold, scourged and branded, raped and defiled.
n. 3ter. running away ( < oz- + dakogon + -non, by way of *ozdakogon presumably to run away, to flee .)
ozdakonot dīnagon put to flight, chase away.
Sȳndrori jorrāelis lȳr ozdakonot ziry dīntis. — Those who love the darkness chased her away.
perfect: ozeptan
v. C-fin. to demand
v. V-fin. to capture ( < oz- + gūrogon)
n. 2lun. prisoner, captive (substantivized participle of ozgūrogon to capture.)
Kisalbrot ozgūrotys jagon. — Let the prisoners go to the banquet.
v. V-fin. metaphorically to miss s/o→com.; s/t→inst. ( < oz- + mijegon.)
Ynoma ozmijiō jaelan. — I hope you miss me.
Aōma ozmijīnna, donus taobus! — I will miss you, sweet boy!
Vala zȳhom lykom kepoma ozmijes. — The man misses his calm father.
v. C-fin. to watch over, to look after ( < oz- + urnēbagon.)
Tolyssy yne ozurnēbagon kostis. — The others can watch over me.
v. C-fin. to burn away ( < oz- + zālagon.)
Belma se pōnte sētessis lȳri nāpāstyri ozzālilāt? — Will you burn away the chains and the nonbelievers who make them? "

P

adv. slowly ( < paez + .)
Kēlia vale paerī iprattis. — The lions ate the man slowly.
adj. II slow.
v. C-fin. breathe
adv. right, to the right, rightward
postp.→gen. to the right of, to the side, beside
Jevys qrinuntys jemo paktot issa. — Your enemy is beside you.
v. V-fin. to turn, to twist, to rotate
n. 3lun. wrist
Riña zȳhi raqiros pālemiot ondurtas. — The girl grabbed her friend by the wrist.
n. 1aq°. crown ( < pālegon + -illa.)
perfect: pamptan
v. C-fin. to rub
Taobo bartos ondot pamptan. — I rubbed the boy's head with his own hand.
adv. then, at that time
Ēlī prūbrī iprattan, pār averille mōzutan. — First I ate the apples, then I drank the wine.
n. 3sol. burger ( < parklon + -iapos.)
n. 3ter. meat
Kēlio parklon ipradas. — The lion is eating meat.
n. 6pauc.3ter. serving (paucal of parklon; lit. a few pieces of meat.)
n. 3ter. grass
v. C-fin. to follow someone, as in be a follower of ( < pāsagon + -ēbagon)
adj. II faithful (present active participle of pasābagon)
Lo Dārie se pāsābari sytiotāpia lōtirī jorrāeloty, sepār dōre vala arlī īlōn belmurilza. — If we are steadfast in our love for the Queen and her faithful advisors, no man will ever lock us in chains again
perfect: pāstan
v. C-fin. to trust esp. in perf., believe esp. in imperf.
Kepa zȳhe tale pāsiles. — The father believed his daughter.
Lo īlve dārie pāsagon kostoty daor... — If we can't trust our Queen...
n. 2sol. citizen ( < pāsagon + -tys.)
n. 3lun olive
n. 1aq wave
n. 3lun. snake, viper (possibly from a verb root *pel- meaning something like to wiggle, undulate, wave? Cf. pelar.)
Peldiō sȳndor. — The viper's shadow.
adj. II coming from the waves (< pelar + -ōñe)
v. V-fin. to wonder.
prop. n. 3sol. Pentos
n. 3sol. little flame
n. 2sol. fire, flame; zīrtys perzys frozen fire, dragonglass, obsidian; perzo bē ȳgha fireproof.
Perzys Ānogār. — Fire and Blood.
col. perzyr fire as a substance.
perfect: piktan
v. C-fin. to follow, to walk after s/o.
perfect: pikīptan
v. C-fin. to read. ( < pikagon + -ībagon.)
Riña raqiroso pikīptas. — The girl read with a friend.
perfect: pilotan
v. V-fin. to hold on(to) with the hands (not the arms.)
Qilōni pilos lue vale tolvie ossēnātās — Slay every man who holds a whip!
adj. III false (etymology unknown. Possibly derived from an obsolete verb *piragon to lie, but no such verb exists in the Classical language.)
n. 3sol. joke (contains -iapos; cf. pirta, pirtir.)
n. 5aq. falsehood, lie (subs. of pirta.)
Kostilus jevi āeksia yno bē pirtra jemot vestretis. — Your masters may have told you lies about me.
n. 2lun. nail, claw
  • pōja [ˈpoːɟa] -ys, -on, -or
poss. adj. I their
poss.pron. 3ter. theirs
pers.pron. they.
refl. 1lun. themselves
perfect: prattan
v. C-fin. to set, to begin (cf. ipradagon.)
Īlos pradagon? — Shall we begin?
n. 3ter bark
n. 3ter. case, casing, casket
n. 4sol apple
Korzitī prūbrī jorrāelan. — I like the firm apples.
n. 1lun. heart.
Dārys issa vestris, se prūmio ñuho konir drējior issa. — They say he is a king and of my heart that is true.
Ñuho prūmiā iksā. — You are in my heart.
perfect: pryjatan
v. V-fin. to destroy, to break; strike off. Perf.pass.part. pryjata "destroyed."
Urnēt luo buzdaro tolvio belma pryjātās! — Strike the chains off every slave you see!
n. 3sol. breaker, one who breaks
n. 2sol. destroyer, breaker ( < pryjagon + -tys.)
Belmo Pryjatys — Breaker of Chains
perfect: puattan
v. to rot (reverse hypothesised through puatta and puatarys.)
n. 2sol. mould ( < puatagon + -arys.)
  • puatta [ˈpuatta] -ys, -on, -or
adj. I rotten (perfect participle of puatagon.)
n. 1aq. mucus
n. 1aq°. nostril ( < pungos + -illa.)
n. 3sol. nose
Skoriot aōhys pungos ilza, ñuhus talus? — Where is your nose, my daughter?
adj. I worn, weather beaten; of language proficiency rusty
v. C-fin. to scratch
n. 4sol. tiger (cf. pȳda jumped)
Pȳdī ūndan, se pȳdes vale ūndas. — I saw a tiger, and the tiger saw a man.
perfect: pȳdan
v. C-fin. to jump; to beat (of the heart)
...rūso zȳhosy gōvilirose zijo syt pyghas lue prūmie. — ... with his child beneath the heart that beats for him.
v. C-fin. to spit
num. 2sol. thousand
col.ins. pyryrzy by the thousands
Pyryrzy nāpāsirossa vokemilzi, va daorunto ñelli qringaomnā pōjo zālari. — They will purify nonbelievers by the thousands, burning their sins and flesh away.

Q

n. 3sol. liver
n. 1aq. whale
Qaedar klios issa? Daor! — Is a whale a fish? No!
  • qana [ˈqana] -ys, -on, -or
adj. I sharp
perfect: qanēdan
v. C-fin. (irreg.) to sharpen. ( < qana + -emagon.)
n. 2sol. crab (perhaps < qana + -tys.)
adj. I cold (differentiates from iosre, as dija from bāne.)
prop. n. 6lun°. Qarth
Konor sēter hen Qarthī issa. — That spell is from Qarth.
n. 1aq. river.
adj. II that lives/comes from the river (< qelbar + -ōñe.) qelbōñe kēli river otter.
prop. n. 1aq°. the Riverlands ( < qelbar + -ria.)
Olvī voktī Rulloro Qelbriā ūndessun daor. — I don’t see many priestesses of R’hllor in the Riverlands.
adj. III yellow, golden-colored, light brown, light orange
Ondos Qeldlie — Goldenhand
n. 3ter. amber (type II subst. of qeldlie.)
n. 3sol. candle ( < qēlos + -ītsos, lit. app. little star.)
Zȳhi perzi stepagon Āeksio Ōño jorepi, se morghūltas lī qēlītsos sikagon. — We beg the Lord to share his fire, and light a candle that has gone out.
n. 3sol. star (original meaning may be torch: cf. qēlītsos.)
Vēzos qēlossās ñuho. — My sun and stars.[1]
Onqēlos Morning Star (At least as a translation for the name Danica, having the same meaning; < ōz + qēlos.)
n. 3sol. cloak (possibly the substantivized form of an unattested adjective qībōñe, cf. -ōñe)
Qībōños eman. — I have a cloak.
perfect: qilontan
v. C-fin. to scourge, to chastise (cf. qilōny whip.)
Hae jeme istin. Sindity se liorty, qilonty se ozbārty, qrillaetty se vaogēdy. — I was once as you are now. Bought and sold, scourged and branded, raped and defiled.
Dohaeriros istin, sindita liortā, qilonta ozbartā. — I was a slave once, bought and sold, scourged and branded.
n. 3ter punishment, chastisement (type II substantive of active present participle of qilōnagon; lit. "scourging/chastising".)
Qilōnario Geron. — Walk of Punishment.
n. 2lun. whip
Qilōni pilos lue vale tolvie ossēnātās. — Slay every man who holds a whip.
n. 3sol. chin
n. 5aq. turtle
Ñuhor qintir jorrāelzi. — They love my turtle.
perfect: qīttan
v. C-fin. to drain, to empty (cf. -qitta.)
n. 2lun. pillar, support, post
n. 1aq°. stripe, strip, ray, bar (or any other term that looks like a stripe) (contracted *qlāduilla < qlādugon + -illa.)
perfect: qlādīllurtan
v. C-fin.to stripe, to put stripes on ( < qlādīlla + -uragon.)
perfect: qlādutan
v. V-fin. to drag on the ground or behind one
Belmondo bantāzma bōsa jemī qlādīlusy botilat? — Will you let them drag you back into the long night of bondage?
n. 3ter. row, range, line; rank (prob. in the military sense; see qogror below.), pl. qogra formation
Ābris, qogrossi jemēle verdātās! — Ladies, let's get in formation!
n. 6col.3ter. ranks, group, grouping (in rows); class, type, gender (relexicalized collective of qogron.)
Jenti jevi jemēle iderēbilātās, qogrondo jevo hēdrȳ — You will select your own leader, from amongst your own ranks.
vēzenkon qogror. — “solar class”.
  • Qohor [ˈqohor] gen. Qorho
prop. n. 3aq. Qohor
Vargo hen Qorhot issa. — Vargo is from Qohor.
  • qopsa [ˈqopsa] -ys, -on, -or
adj. I rigid, stiff; difficult, hard (in the sense of difficult)
Lo jention mirre nūmāzme ēza, iderenna qopsa verdagon issa. — If leadership is about anything, it’s about making hard choices.
perfect: qrīdroltan
v. C-fin. to mix, to mix up, to confuse, to mess up (s/t - with s/o else, use a standard conjunctive construction or use →com. with the second member) ( < qrin- + rholagon.)
n. 3ter. confusion (< qrīdrolagon + -non.)
n. 6col.3ter. chaos (collective of qrīdronnon.)
Qrīdronnor hepvos issa. — Chaos is a ladder.
perfect: qrīdropatan
v. V-fin. to be disgraced, to take a misstep, to make a faux-pas, to be lost, to be destroyed socially, figuratively to be lost (< qrin- + ropagon , lit. to misfall.)
Lo inkot ūndion, qrīdropēnna. — If I look back, I am lost.
perfect: qrīdrūdan
v. C-fin. to give up, to abandon, to throw away, to discard, to leave behind, to jettison. ( < qrin- + rughagon, with the same n-deletion rule seen in bianorbiādra.)
perfect: qrillāettan
v. V-fin.. to abduct, to rape, to violate ( < qrin- + laodigon.)
Hae jeme istin. Sindity se liorty, qilonty se ozbārty, qrillaetty se vaogēdy. — I was once as you are now. Bought and sold, scourged and branded, raped and defiled.
n. 3lun. marauder ( < qrillaodigon + -kio.)
adj. I cursed (passive perfect participle of qrimbrōzagon.)
perfect: qrimbrōstan
v. C-fin. to curse in the arcane sense (lit. to name badly, < qrin- + brōzagon.)
n. 3sol. curse ( < qrimbrōzagon + -vos.
perfect: qrimbughetan
v. V-fin. to drown ( < qrin- + bughegon.)
perfect: qrimpāletan
v. V-fin. to betray, to double-cross (object can take hen or →dat. - or an oblique applicative can be used) ( < qrin- + pālegon.)
n. 3lun. traitor, turncoat, double-crosser ( < qrimpālegon + -kio.)
perfect: qringōntan
v. C-fin. to fail, to make a mistake, to err; to sin. ( < qrin- + gaomagon.)
"Skorion massitas?" "Qringōntan." — "What happened?" "I failed."
Valar Qringaomis. — All men must fail.
n. 3lun. evildoer, sinner ( < qringaomagon + -io.)
n. 3ter. sin, misdeed ( < qringaomagon + -non.)
Pyryrzy nāpāsirossa vokemilzi, va daorunto ñelli qringaomnā pōjo zālari. — They will purify nonbelievers by the thousands, burning their sins and flesh away.
hen pōjo qringaomnoti for their sins
Dohaerirossa hen pōjo belmondo dāerēdas se hen pōjo qringaomnoti Āeksia īlinurtas. — She has freed the slaves from their chains and crucified the Masters for their sins.
n. 3lun. tyrant, dictator (contains qrin- + -io.)
perfect: qrinumptan
v. C-fin. to stay beyond one’s welcome, to occupy →loc. ; to antagonize →dat. ( < qrin- + umbagon.)
adj. I hostile, villainous, antagonistic ( < qrinuntys + -enka.)
n. 4sol. antagonism ( < qrinuntenka + -āves.)
Dobotēdāves. Nāgīdāves. Qrinuntenkāves. — Ignorance. Inequality. Antagonism.
n. 2sol. occupier, enemy, villain, foe (perh. < qrinumbagon + -tys.)
Jevys qrinuntys jemo paktot issa — Your enemy is beside you.
n. 4sol. male pig, boar
  • quba [ˈquba] -ys, -on, -or
adj. I low (physically, in status or quality); poor, bad, inferior; early (temporally)
Qubroti jās! — Fuck off![4]
adv. badly, poorly ( < quba + -irī.)
Dārys azantī qubirī jemas. — The king is leading the soldiers poorly.
perfect: qubēdan
v. C-fin. (irreg.) to lower ( < quba + -emagon.)
n. 4sol. chicken (female), hen
adj. III thick
Qumblie geltī emā. — You have a thick helmet.
adj. III terrible ( < possibly the same root as in quba + -ēgrie.)
Zȳha Valyria qupēgrie issa. — His Valyrian is terrible
adj. I vulgar, common, popular, uncivilized, pagan; Quptenkys Ēngos The Common Tongue; ( < quptys.)
Quptenkos Ēngoso ȳdrassis? — Do you speak the Common tongue?
n. 6col.2sol. rabble, mob, riffraff, lowlifes, uncivilized people, commoners (collective of quptys.)
n. 2sol. heathen, pagan, infidel ( < quba + -tys.)
Quptyssy pōntāle johegzi se jomōzū. — The heathen continue to slaughter each other and you continue to get drunk
n. 3ter. table
n. 5aq. lamentation, grief, mourning (cf. qūvy.)
n. 6col.5aq. mourning, lamentation, grief (used when a mass of people are mourning, such as mourners at a funeral or when a nation grieves for a departed ruler; collective of qūvir.)
n. 2lun. tear
n. 6pauc.2lun. a fit of tears (a sudden, short burst of tears that quickly disappears); cloudburst (a sudden violent rainstorm) (paucal of qūvy.)
n. 6col.2lun. sadness, sorrow (in general) (collective of qūvy.)
n. 3aq. mother's younger brother, maternal uncle younger than mother.
Ñurho qȳbro anni kostōbi issi. — My uncle's horses are powerful.
n. 1lun. mother's younger brother's child, cousin by maternal uncle younger than mother.
Ñuha qȳbranna sȳz annī ēza. — My cousin has a good horse.

R

n. 4sol. scorpion
perfect: rāeltan
v. C-fin. to maintain, to keep, to hold onto, to hold back, to retain in some place or state →loc.
Ȳghāpī īlōn rāelza. — He holds us safe.
perfect: rāenāptan
v. C-fin. to clean, to wash s/t off of s/o →dat. ( < rāenagon + -ēbagon.)
n. 3ter. bathroom ( < rāenābagon + -ion; lit. "washing place".)
perfect: rāentan
v. C-fin. to wipe, to brush s/t off of s/o →dat.
Dohaerirot ñuhe annī rāenagon sētan. — I made the servant brush my horse.
n. 3ter. shore, beach, strand (probably connected to rāenagon and rāenābagon, with the idea of the land that the sea washes.)
perfect: raketan
v. V-fin. to participate, to take part , to have a hand in s/t →inf. or va, with s/o →dat.; to accompany s/o →dat. to somewhere → va
Astapor dāeremagon raketan. — I took part in freeing Astapor.
n. 1aq°.experience (a specific experience) ( < rakegon + -illa.)
n. 6col.1aq°. experience (cumulatively) (collective of rakella.)
n. 1lun. turnip
adj. I soft
perfect: rāpēdan
v. C-fin. (irreg.) to soften s/t in the sense of making something soft ( < rāpa + -emagon.)
perfect: rāpūltan
v. C-fin. to soften in the sense of becoming soft. (rāpa + -ūljagon.)
perfect: rattan
v. C-fin. to appreciate, to like, to love "lighter" than jorrāelagon, to enjoy
Dohaeriakson raqan. — I like to be served.
Avy jorrāelan. Avy raqan. — I love you. I love you.
Nuiōrkī sōnari raqō daor? — Are you enjoying winter in New York?[5]
n. 2lun beloved (nominalized aorist passive participle of raqagon.)
n. 3sol. friend (relex. aor. part. of raqagon.)
Zūgagon daor, ñuhys raqiros. — Don’t be afraid, my friend.
n. 3ter. love, appreciation
Raqnon nākostōbāves issa. — Love is weakness.
perfect: rēptan
v. C-fin. to go through, to move through, to walk, to pass; to undergo (contains -ēbagon.)
Prūmiā līrinoso rēbās! — Walk with a smile in your heart!
Ynot rēbagon. — Let me pass.
n. 3lun. rose
n. 3sol. frog
n. 3sol. mouth of a human.
Avera ñuhȳ relgot eman. — I have the grapes in my mouth.
n. 3lun. gate (common root *re- with rēbagon.)
Va oktio remȳti vale jikās. — Send a man to the city gates.
perfect: renitan
v. V-fin. to touch e.g. with the hand; for inanimate subjects, use the instrumental passive jenigon.
perfect: restan
v. C-fin. to lean, to list to one side, in the nautical sense.
prop. n. 6for. lun. Rhaegal
perfect: rhēdan
v. C-fin. to meet; to find, to encounter, to discover
Riña Dovaogēdo muñe rhaenas. — The girl finds the Unsullied's mother.
to begin, to start (idiomatic usage: the object is an event, a season or a time period).
Sūbroma tubis rhaenin. — I begin my day with tea.
n. 3ter. shack
perfect: rhēdetan
v. V-fin. to know a person, to be acquainted with (the eventative form of rhaenagon, to meet.)
Ābra kepe rhēdes lua vala raqiros issa. — The man whose father the woman knows is a friend.
adj. I renown, well-known, well thought of, universally recognised, noble (passive aorist participle of rhēdegon; lit. "who is -generally, universally- known".)
adj. I (of a material or texture) rough, coarse; by extension unpleasant
perfect: rholtan
v. C-fin. to mix, to mix up, to mix together, to blend (to convey that something mixes with something else, use either a standard conjunctive strategy, or put the second element in the comitative).
n. 3ter. beard
perfect: rōdan
v. C-fin. to shout, to bark, to make a frightful or ugly sound, to make a terrible noise (perh. onomatopoeic)
Jaohossa rhovis. Jaohossa rhovisi — The dogs are barking. Dogs bark.[1]
n. 3lun. thunder, thunderclap, thunderstrike ( < rhovagon + -io.)
n. 6col.3lun. thunder (more common when talking about the phenomenon in general, instead of rhovio.) (collective of rhovio.)
n. 4sol. auction ( < rhovagon + -nes.)
n. 4sol. dove, pigeon (onomatopoeic)
Tolī rhūqo lōtinti, kostilus. — More pigeon pie, please.
n. 1lun. canyon (specifically) ( < rios + -āzma.)
n. 4sol. honor, distinction (poss. related to rijagon)
inst. rīglose with honor used adverbially as an equivalent to it is an honor
Rīglose Belmot Pryjatys rhaenan. — It is an honor to meet the Breaker of Chains.
perfect: riddan
v. C-fin. to praise, to laud (cf. rijes.)
Dārys azanti rijas. — The king praises the soldier.
n. 4sol. praise, compliment (cf. rijagon.)
rijes aōt praise to you, poss. an expression for congratulations!
Rijes aōt, Papayus! — Praise to you, Papaya!
n. 2lun. a praiseworthy person, one who is praiseworthy (substantivized future passive participle of rijagon.)
Kony drēje issa. Rijilaksy iksā. — That's correct. You are one who is praiseworthy.
perfect: rijīptan
v. C-fin. to worship; to praise; to obey ( < rijagon + -ībagon.)
Aōhoso ziry rijībiā, se ñuhoso ziry rijībin. — You worship Him your way, and I'll worship Him mine.
n. 2sol. dependence ( < rijībagon + -arys.)
n. 3ter. temple, church, place of worship ( < rijībagon + -lion.)
Jehikarȳ Kinvaro iōrāt, Eglio Vokto hen Rijībliot Volantīhot, Drīvo Perzo, Sylvio Ōño, Dohaeriro Ēlio Āeksiō Ōño syt. — You stand in the presence of Kinvara, High Priestess of the Red Temple of Volantis, the Flame of Truth, the Light of Wisdom, the First Servant of the Lord of Light.
n. 3ter. praise (countable) (< rijagon + -non)
n. 6col.3ter. praise (uncountable) (colllective of rijnon)
Rijnondi praise (to you) poss. an expression for congratulations
Rijnondi, Donis! — Praise (to you), Don!
n. 1lun. girl, maiden; child
Gryves se Riña Litse. — The Bear and the Maiden Fair.
qilōni pilos lue vale tolvie ossēnātās, yn riñe dōre ōdrikātās. — slay every man who holds a whip, but harm no child.
coll. riñar children.
Lo zȳhyz zaldrīzesse Āeksiō Ōñō irūdy Daenerot issi, sepār Daenerys Āeksiō irūdy riñarta zȳhot issa. — Just as her dragons are a gift from the Lord of Light to Daenerys, so then is Daenerys a gift from the Lord to her children.
n. 3sol. little child; little girl (riña + -ītsos.)
n. 3sol canyon, valley
Zaldrīzes rihot ilza! — There is a dragon in the valley!
Dāria riho vūndas. — The queen surveyed the canyon.
n. 3lun. core, pit of a fruit, stone of a fruit, meat of a nut.
n. 1lun. reptile, lizard
ñoghoqitta rīza — armless lizard
n. 3ter. sand
n. 6col.3ter. desert, wastes (collective of rizmon.)
n. 5aq. fig.
Sparos rōbir angotas. — Who bit the fig?
adj. I leather ( < rongon + -enka.)
n. 3ter. leather, hide
perfect: ropatan
v. V-fin. to fall
Averilloma mittys ropatas. — The drunken fool fell.
perfect: ropattan
v. C-fin. to cause to fall, to fell, to push over, to knock over, to knock down; to displace, to replace with s/t →ins. ( < ropagon + -kagon.)
sȳndor ropakagon to cast a shadow (see sȳndor)
  • rōva [ˈroːva] , comp. rōvykta
adj. I big, large
Davido zaldrīzes aōhos zaldrīzose rōvyktys issa. — David’s dragon is bigger than your dragon.
adv. greatly, enormously ( < rōvēgrie + .)
Rōvēgrī qringōntan. — I’ve erred enormously
adj. III huge, enormous; colloquially great, excellent, awesome; fine (for wine) ( < rōva + -ēgrie.)
Kony rōvēgrior blēnon issa! — That is an enormous mountain!
rōvēgrior interj. "excellent"[1]
adj. I dull; ineffective
perfect: ruartan
v. C-fin. to hide, to conceal hen →dat. from...
Kēli hen aōt ruarza. — The cat is hiding from you.
adj. I secret, private (passive future participle of ruaragon; lit. "which will be hidden".)
perfect: ruditan
v. V-fin. to dig
n. 2sol. hole, pit (specifically, one that has been dug) ( < rudigon + -tys with rhotacism)
perfect: rūdan
v. C-fin. to drop; in the reflexive to quit hen →dat. something.
Aōle rūda, nūmāzma issa. — You quit, you mean.
n. 3ter. flower
Rūkluni ynot teptas lua vala bisy issa. — This is the man who gave me some flowers.
prop. n. 6for.sol.° R'hllor, the Lord of Light ( < Asshai'i)
Olvī voktī Rulloro Qelbriā ūndessun daor. — I don’t see many priestesses of R’hllor in the Riverlands.
perfect: rūntan
v. C-fin. to remember
Jelmor rūnis. — The North remembers
Jelmor rūnas. — The North remembers
n. 2sol. nostalgia, reverie, (mental) trauma (the concepts are intertwined in High Valyrian) ( < rūnagon + -arys.)
n. 5lun. memory (i.e. a single memory) (cf. rūnagon.)
n. 3sol. letter, note ( < rūnagon + -iapos.)
n. 6col.5lun. memory (i.e. one's memory) (collective of rūni.)
n. 3sol. infant, baby, child.
Ȳghāpī īlōn rāelza, kesrio syt lanta iksan, rūso zȳhosy gōvilirose zijo syt pyghas lue prūmie. — He holds us safe, for now I am two, with his child beneath the heart that beats for him.
post.→gen. between, in between, through, across, throughout, all in reference to a time period e.g. one's life.
Jevo glaesoti rȳ buzdari istiat. — You have been slaves all your life.
perfect: ryptan
v. C-fin. to hear; to obey, to heed.
Jeva jorepna ryptas se pōnte udlitas. — He has heard your prayers and answered them.
v. V-fin. to listen (eventative of rȳbagon.)
adj. I healthy
exp. hello. ( < rytsa)
v. C-fin. to call, to greet ( < rytsas + -uragon.)
n. 3ter. regard, greeting ( < rytsuragon + -non.)
Lannisteri rytsurna pōja jittis. — The Lannisters send their regards.
perfect: rȳvȳdratan
v. Loc. appl. V-fin. to mediate, to mediate between →gen. ( < rȳ- + v- + ȳdragon.)
Teptys riñoti rȳvȳdratas. — The teacher mediated between the girls.

S

num. adj. III third
perfect: istan future: kesan
v. irreg. to be. 3s forms issa may be used to mean yes.
Sīrgō, Āeksia vēttrir īlis... — Once, the Masters were the law...
perfect: sētan
v. irreg. to use; to cause, to force →dat. + inf.
Dohaerirot ñuhe annī rāenagon sētan. — I made the servant brush my horse.
n. 1aq. cloud
n. 6col.1aq. fog (col. of sambar cloud.)
conj. and
Gryves se Riña Litse. — The Bear and the Maiden Fair.
perfect: seltan
v. C-fin. to move, to go, to make for, to head to somewhere →dat., as a group with a predesignated destination in mind (expected subject is plural); to agree to something →dat., with someone →com.
perfect: sēntan
v. C-fin. to kill, to murder
Perzys zaldrīzī sēnagon kostos daor. — Fire cannot kill a dragon.
n. 2sol. killer, slayer ( < sēnagon + -tys.)
conj. and especially where consecutivity is implied, and then, and so, next; therefore, thus; just so ( < se + pār.)
Mirri ōdria uēpi dōrī drējī zgiēñisi, sepār hen mībājȳr udīr ānogrosa anehussi. — Some old wounds never truly heal, and bleed again at the slightest word.
conj. just as, as
Elēni ñuhe jogeltigon sylutis, sepār jevon jogeltigon sylussi. Yn kostosy daor. — They tried to silence my voice, as they try to silence yours. But they cannot.
in conditionals then...
Lo Dārie se pāsābari sytiotāpia lōtirī jorrāeloty, sepār dōre vala arlī īlōn belmurilza. — If we are steadfast in our love for the Queen and her faithful advisors, no man will ever lock us in chains again
adv. also, even, and also
conj. and now, and so, and ( < se "and" + sīr "now".)
Sesīr Urnēbion Zȳhon Keliton Issa. — And Now His Watch Is Ended.
Tubī hae kesīr sittāks, sesīr kirine iksan. — You were born on a day like this one, and so I am happy.
adv. also, even, and also
Morghot nēdyssy sesīr zūgusy azantys vestras. — The knight says that even the brave men fear death.
perfect: sētetan
v. V-fin. to make, to create, to bring forth, to bring into being, to conjure; to shape, to form, to give form to, to mould, to fashion, to work (e.g. some substance); to smith, to forge ('eventative of sahagon.)'
Belma se pōnte sētessis lȳri nāpāstyri ozzālilāt? — Will you burn away the chains and the nonbelievers who make them?
Ñurho hāedro syt korzī sētetan. — I made a sword for my sister.
Lōtinti aō syt sētetan. — I made a pie for you.
n. 3lun. smith, forger ( < sētegon + -kio)
n. 3ter. forge, smithy, smithery, works ( < sētegon + -lion)
n. 3ter. smithing, working, moulding, creation; magic, wizardry, conjuring, enchantment ( < sētegon + -non)
n. 3aq. spell, magic spell, enchantment (cf. sētegon.)
n. 2sol. form, shape ( < sētegon + -rys)
n. 3lun. wizard, magician, conjuror ( < sētegon + -io)
num. adj. III seventh
perfect: siglitan
v. V-fin. to bear again, to give birth to anew; to reinstantiate, to reinitiate, to restart, to reboot; to reignite ( < sikagon + -ligon.)
in the passive to be born again, to be reborn
Vȳs verdlios perzomy siglitaks! Dāria Zaldrīzoti! — From the fire she was reborn to remake the world! The Dragon Queen!
perfect: sittan
v. C-fin. to give birth to, to birth, to bear (in the passive, to be born) (prob. sagon, or its aorist sigon, + -ikagon.)
Tubī hae kesīr sittāks, sesīr kirine iksan. — You were born on a day like this one, and so I am happy.
to ignite, to light on fire or a candle
Zȳhi perzi stepagon Āeksio Ōño jorepi, se morghūltas lī qēlītsos sikagon. — We beg the Lord to share his fire, and light a candle that has gone out.
to initiate, to instantiate
n. 2sol. placenta, afterbirth ( < sikagon + -arys)
  • sīkuda [ˈsiːkuda] -ys, -on, -on
num. adj. I seven
num. seventy
num. adj. III seventieth
adj. III certain, absolute, definite
perfect: sīmontan
v. C-fin. to rise; to grow in size or proportion (the definition will change depending on the subject).
perfect: sinditan
v. V-fin. to buy, to purchase
Hae jeme istin. Sindity se liorty, qilonty se ozbārty, qrillaetty se vaogēdy. — I was once as you are now. Bought and sold, scourged and branded, raped and defiled.
Dohaeriros istin, sindita liortā, qilonta ozbartā. — I was a slave once, bought and sold, scourged and branded.
n. 3ter. market, marketplace ( < sindigon + -lion.)
Dārys dāriā sindiliot udekurzi. — The king and the queen are approaching the marketplace.
perfect: sīdan
v. C-fin. to become, to come to be, to turn into; to go as ( < sagon + -iñagon.)
n. 3ter. birth ( < siñagon + -on)
adv. now; already with a perfect verb
Yn dāeri vali sīr issi — But you are free men now.
lo sīr now that
Jemēlo kaerīnnon ivīlībilāt, lo sīr Dāria Daenerys jemī ivīlībagon kesīr īlos daor? — Will you fight for your own salvation, now that Queen Daenerys is not here to fight for you?
adv. prior, previously, before (now), beforehand (sīr + .)
Sīrgō parklon iprattā? — Have you eaten meat before?
int.pron. adj. II which for inanimates, what
int.pron. when, at what time
Skorī vala rōbir angotas? — When did the man bite the fig?
conj./rel.pron. when
Skorī dēmalȳti tymptir tymis, ērinis iā morghūlis. — When you play the game of thrones, you win or you die.
int.pron. 3ter. what esp. for places, mass nouns, and abstracts
"Skorion massitas?" — "What happened?"
skorio syt why
int.pron. where (loc. of skorion.)
SKORIOT ÑUHYZ ZALDRĪZESSE ISSI?! — WHERE ARE MY DRAGONS?!
int.pron. how, by what way, by what means ( < skore + -kydoso.)
Skorkydoso udlilat? — How will you respond?
Skorkydoso glaesā? How are you?[1]
int.pron. what kind of →gen. ( < skore + lūs.)
int.pron. 3sol. what esp. for concrete, countable items
Skoros otāpā? — What do you think?
Skoroso jemēle brōzāt? — What are your names?
Skoros gaomā? — What are you doing?
skoro syt why
Skoro syt ipradā? — Why are you eating?
hae skorot →eq. How with adjectives and adverbs.
Hae skorot vala bōsāpa issa? — How tall is the man?
int.pron. 3ter. how many, what amount, what number →gen., usually pl., followed by a 3sg. verb (the pronoun being considered the subject of the question modified by a genitive of content) ( < skore + verdon).
Skorverdon valoti ēdrus? — How many men are sleeping?
int.pron. why; conj. because properly used in this sense only in response to a question. (instrumental of skoros.)
prop. n. 3ter. Winterfell ( < sōnar + -urlion)
perfect: soltan
v. C-fin. to sail (cf. soljanna)
n. 1lun. rudder ( < soljagon + -anna.)
n. 2lun. scroll
Sōlutti gūrogon aōhe mandie sytilības. — Your older sister should get a scroll.
n. 3ter. castle, fortress ( < somby + -āzma + -ion.)
n. 3ter. fort, fortification ( < somby + -ion, lit. shielding place)
n. 2lun. shield
n. 1lun. snow. gen.col. Sōnaro Snow surname used by acknowledged bastards in The North of Westeros.
Sōno viōragon daor! — Do not stand in the snow!
n. 6col.1lun. winter (relex. col. of sōna.)
Sōnar Māzis — Winter Is Coming
perfect: sōptan
v. C-fin. to laugh, to laugh at
Kōrī dārys sōptas. — Wickedly the king laughed.
Dārys karys taobe sōptas — The great king laughed at the boy.
v. V-fin. to fly
v. C-fin. (irreg.) to make fly ( < sōvegon + -emagon.)
Vestriarja īlōn sōvemagon kostis. — Stories can make us fly.
n. 3ter. butterfly ( perhaps < sōvegon.)
int.pron. adj. II which for animates
Spare vale ābra urnes? — Which man does the woman see?
int.pron. 3ter. who esp. for mass nouns, and abstracts.
int.pron. who esp. for concrete, countable entities.
Sparos rōbir angotas. — Who bit the fig?
sparo syt For whom? On account of whom? For whose sake?
perfect: spryjatan
v. Insv. V-fin. to destroy, to break for inanimate subjects ( < s- + pryjagon)
Āegenkon Dēmalion Daeneri spryjatas. — The Iron Throne destroyed Daenerys.
Lenton jelmȳssi spryjataks. — The house was destroyed by the winds.
perfect: steptan
v. Insv. C-fin. to share s/t →acc. (A fossilized instrumentive, which seems to also take animate non-instrument subjects).
Zȳhi perzi stepagon Āeksio Ōño jorepi, se morghūltas lī qēlītsos sikagon. — We beg the Lord to share his fire, and light a candle that has gone out.
adj. II stuck, jammed, fixed
n. 1aq. tea
Sūbroma tubis rhaenin. — I begin my day with tea.
n. 3ter ice
Ziry kīviō dārilaros issa, se zȳhon suvio perzō vāedar issa. — He is the prince that was promised, and his is the song of ice and fire.
perfect: sylutan
v. V-fin. to try (cf. sylvia.)
Elēni ñuhe jogeltigon sylutis, sepār jevon jogeltigon sylussi. Yn kostosy daor. — They tried to silence my voice, as they try to silence yours. But they cannot.
v. V-fin. trans. to taste something (eventative of sylugon.)
Averille sylutetā? — Have you tasted the wine?
n. 1lun. wisdom (cf. sylugon, the sense being experience.)
Jehikarȳ Kinvaro iōrāt, Eglio Vokto hen Rijībliot Volantīhot, Drīvo Perzo, Sylvio Ōño, Dohaeriro Ēlio Āeksiō Ōño syt. — You stand in the presence of Kinvara, High Priestess of the Red Temple of Volantis, the Flame of Truth, the Light of Wisdom, the First Servant of the Lord of Light.
adj. III wise
n. 3aq. shadow
Peldiō sȳndor. — The viper's shadow.
Sȳndror ilis luo tegunno Mordrot. — In the land of Mordor, where the shadows lie
col. sȳndror darkness
… se sȳndrori jorrāelis lȳr… — … and those who love the darkness…
Hen sȳndrorro, ōños. — From darkness, light.
pauc. sȳndrun shade
sȳndor ropakagon to cast a shadow (see ropakagon)
n. 1aq°. color (< sȳndor + -illa.)
Sparior sȳndrilla Rhaegal issa? — What color is Rhaegal?
adv. well
Sȳrī avy ūjus dohaeragon. — May it serve you well.
prop. n. 3lun. Syrio (cf. sȳz.)
Sȳrī avy ūjus dohaeragon. — May it serve you well.
postp.→gen. for, intended for, on behalf of Skoro syt why? ( < sȳz, with the idea of for the good of....)
rūso zȳhosy gōvilirose zijo syt pyghas lue prūmie. — with his child beneath the heart that beats for him.
perfect: sytiderēptan
v. Obl. appl. C-fin. to choose for, select for. + acc. the person for whom the thing is selected (this applies even in the passive), + dat. the thing selected ( < syt- + i- + derēbagon.)
Vala rōbrȳti Aeri sytiderēbza. — The man selects figs for Aerys."
Aeri sytiderēbaks. — Aerys is selected for.
perfect: sytilīptan
v. C-fin. to belong; to be for. (prob. < syt- + il- + -ībagon.)
v. Obl. appl. V-fin. to go out with, to date ( < syt- + i- + nevegon lit. to carry for)
Kessa, nyke avy sytinevīnna. — Yes, I will go out with you.
perfect: sytiotāptan
v. Obl. appl. C-fin. to advise, to counsel ( < syt- + i- + otāpagon, lit. to think for)
Ñuha iāpa yne sytiotāpas. — My mother’s older brother is advising me.
Dāria dāri sytiotāpilza. — The queen will advise the king.
n. 3lun.' advisor ( < sytiotāpagon + -io.)
Lo Dārie se pāsābari sytiotāpia lōtirī jorrāeloty, sepār dōre vala arlī īlōn belmurilza. — If we are steadfast in our love for the Queen and her faithful advisors, no man will ever lock us in chains again
v. Obl. appl. C-fin. to fight for →acc. ( < syt- + i- + vīlībagon "to fight".)
Yne sytivīlībilāt? Hae dāero valoti? — Will you fight for me? As free men?
  • sȳz [syːz] sȳrior
adj. II good, well-made
Kydȳptakson sȳz kesos. — It would be good to have been measured.
Yn kesys tubis hen mirro tubiot sȳrpys issa. — But today is as good a day as any.
Jaehossas sȳris sātās — Gods be good!

T

n. 3sol. stick (diminutive of unattested root tāem- + -ītsos, presumably meaning something like branch.)
prop. n. 1lun. Taena
Taena hen Mȳrot issa. — Taena is from Myr.
n. 1lun. daughter; coll. talar children
n. 1lun. boy
prop. n. 4ter. Targaryen a family name.
Nyke Daenerys Jelmāzmo hen Targārio Lentrot. — I am Daenerys Stormborn of the House Targaryen.
perfect: tetan
v. C-fin. to finish.
adj. III curved
v. V-fin. intrans. to curve, be curved.
n. 5aq. curve
n. 3ter. ground, earth pauc. tegun land. coll. tegor lands collectively[7].
Jēdar yno toliot. Tegon yno gō. Perzys yno iemnȳ. — Sky above me. Earth below me. Fire within me.
adj. II terrestrial ( < tegon + -ōñe.)
n. 6pauc.3ter. land. coll. tegor lands collectively. (relex. pauc. of tegon)
Sȳndror ilis luo tegunno Mordrot. — In the land of Mordor, where the shadows lie
v. to prick, to poke
Rōvon dēmalion rōvi jenti tēmas. — A great throne pokes a great leader.
n. 2lun. leaf.
n. 6col.2lun. book. (col. of temby.)
perfect: teptan
v. C-fin. to give (can only be used if at least one of the subject, the direct object, or the indirect object (recipient) is first or second person, i.e. cannot be used if all three arguments are third person. For that situation see its main synonym, irughagon.)
Kesȳ tubī jemot dāervī tepan. — Today I give you freedom.
n. 1aq°. mercy (contains -illa, cf. tepagon)
adj. invar. merciful (comitative of tepilla)
n. 2sol. teacher, instructor, mentor ( < tepagon + -tys.)
Issa, ñuhys teptys, zaldrīzesse Daeneromy ēdrusi. — Yes, my teacher, the dragons are sleeping with Daenerys.
adj. I absolute (passive perfect participle of tatagon.)
prop. n. 3sol(?) Thoros, a name.
n. 6col.3sol. flock of birds (col. of tīkos.)
n. 3sol. feather
n. 6pauc.3sol. wing
Tīkuni Zōbrī, Udra Zōbriar — Dark Wings, Dark Words
  • timpa [ˈtimpa] -ys, -on, -or
adj. I white; light; light-colored; grey (light); pink
Bonys timpys hontes gevie issa! — That white bird is beautiful!
n. 3ter. root
  • tista [ˈtista] -ys, -on, -or
adj. I dry (poss. a perf. part.)
n. 6col?.3ter? bank (prob. coll. of
Āegenkor Tistālior jāhor gūrotriri emilza. — The Iron Bank will have its due.
adv. above, overhead; after, afterward; beyond
Timpys hontes tolī ūndan. — I saw a white bird overhead.
excessively, too, too much
Mittys iksā. Āeksia tolī kostōbi issi. — You’re a fool. The masters are too strong.
Ñuhor qȳbor kisalbār tolī iprattas. — My uncle ate too much at the banquet.
more
Tolī rhūqo lōtinti, kostilus. — More pigeon pie, please.
adj. III other (perh. lit. higher, cf. tolī, toliot.)
Muñar aōt teptas lue brōzi, iā mirre tolie iderēbās. — Choose the name your parents gave you, or any other.
n. 3ter. the other (abstract) thing
Jāhe idañe mijerior tolion sagon kostos daor. — One cannot exist without the other.
post.→gen. above, over; after
adv. differently ( < tolie + -kydoso.)
Sepār tolkydoso urnegon gūrēñagon pōnto bēvulza. — Then they will have to learn to see things differently.
n. 2sol. stranger, lit. the one who comes from afar ( Type I substantivised form of adjective *tolmīha < tolmio + -īha)
n. 3lun. far side, far wall
adv. far
post.→gen. across (loc. of tolmio, "far side." This is why it can be combined with hen.)
Olvie hen embraro tolmiot nykēlot avy ivestragon issa. — So much news I have to give you from over the seas.
adj. III every
Qilōni pilos lue vale tolvie ossēnātās. — Slay every man who holds a whip.
indef.pron. everywhere ( < tolvie.)
Dovaogēdi tolviot ilzi! — There are Unsullied everywhere!
indef.pron. 6pauc.2sol everything
Zokla tolvȳni iprattas! — A wolf ate everything!
indef.pron. 2sol. everyone ( < tolvie.)
Tolvys morghūlis. — Everyone must die.
indef.pron. 2sol. someone else ( < tolie.)
Kostilus, sēter tolot tepās. — Please give the spell to someone else.
Kirimvose daor. Toli jorrāelan. — No thank. I love someone else.
  • tōma [ˈtoːma] -ys, -on, -on
num. adj. I five
num. adj. III fifth
num. fifty
num. adj. III fiftieth
n. 3sol. elderberry ( < tōmo + -ītsos.)
n. 3lun. elderberry plant ( < tōma, referring to the five-petaled blossoms.)
n. 2lun. son.
Tȳni Trēsi — Second Sons
adj. I deep
adv. deeply ( < trūma + .)
n. 5sol. day; kesȳ tubī, tubī adv. today
Kesȳ tubī jemot dāervī tepan. — Today I give you freedom.
Tubī daor. — Not today.
n. 3ter. worm.
perfect: tymptan
v. C-fin. to play, to frolic
Riña tymptir raqiroso tymptas. — The girl played the game with a friend.
n. 5aq. game (substantivized perf. part. of tymagon.)
Tymptir Dēmalȳti — A Game of Thrones
num. adj. II second; secondary.
prop. n. 3sol. Tyrosh
Tyros! Ñuhos arlios lentos! — Tyrosh! My new home!
adj. I. Tyroshi ( < Tyros + -īha.)
perfect: tȳdan
v. C-fin. to crawl, to creep
n. 3sol. serpent, snake (subst. part. of tyvagon.)

U

n. 3sol. vest (type I subst. pres. part. of the loc. appl. of bērigon, lit. that which is hanging on something)
n. 4sol. eel
n. 3ter. wait, anticipation, waiting period, hiatus ( < the root *ūbr- as seen in ūbrie + -non)
perfect: ūbrēdan
v. C-fin. (irreg.) to raise, to rear, to tend, to grow plants and children ( < ūbrie + -emagon)
adj. III ripe, mature, ready (of vegetation)
perfect: ūbriltan
v. C-fin. to ripen, to mature, to grow ( < ūbrie + -iljagon)
perfect: udekurtan
v. Loc. appl. C-fin. to near, to approach, to step towards →dat. something ( < u- + dekuragon.)
Dārys dāriā sindiliot udekurzi. — The king and the queen are approaching the marketplace.
v. Loc. appl. V-fin. to sit down on, to sit on →dat. ( < u- + dēmagon.)
Daor, qurdot udēmagon kostōt daor. — No, you cannot sit on the table.
Keso dōrot udēmēlā? — Will you sit on this wall?
n. 5aq. word
Tīkuni Zōbrī, Udra Zōbriar — Dark Wings, Dark Words
May also be used, just like English word, in the sense of news:
Se vasīr dorior udir Drogo bē? — And still no word of Drogon?
perfect: udlitan
v. V-fin. to respond, to answer, to reply (poss. *ud- seen udir + -ligon.)
May be used intransitively:
Āeksiot zȳhon vaoreznon jepin, se ziksoso udlissis. — I ask the Lord for His favor, and He responds as He will.
or transitively:
Jeva jorepna ryptas se pōnte udlitas. — He has heard your prayers and answered them.
n. 3ter. response, answer, reply ( < udligon + -non)
n. 1lun. command, order ( < udr- + -āzma.)
Udrāzmī jemot maghon daor. — I do not bring you commands.
adj. invar. witty, clever, quick-witted, always having the right word at the right moment (com. of udrin.)
Bony udrimmi taoba issa! — That one is a clever boy!
n. 6pauc.5aq. phrase, saying, aphorism (paucal of udir)
n. 6col.5aq. speech, language (relex. coll. of udir.)
Dōrior dārion udrirzi mijessis. — There’s no country without a language.
Udrirzi Valyrio ȳdrā? — Do you speak Valyrian?[1]
v. C-fin. to vomit (could possibly be a Loc. appl. from u-, but if so the base verb is not yet attested. The long ē makes emagon highly unlikely.)
adj. I old
Nyke Daenerys Jelmāzmo hen Targārio Lentrot, hen Valyrio Uēpo ānogār iksan. — I am Daenerys Stormborn of the House Targaryen, of the blood of Old Valyria.
n. 3sol. squid
Sȳz uēs issa. — It is a good squid.
pers.pron. it, (he, she) (terrestrial, aquatic).
n. 3sol. key (contains -iapos, cf. ūlio)
n. 3lun. falcon
Spare ūlio gevie issa? — Which falcon is beautiful?.
perfect: umastan
v. Loc. appl. V-fin. to come to, to arrive at
Ñuho kisalbrot umāzīt? — Are you coming to my banquet?
perfect: umptan
v. C-fin. to stay, to wait, to remain
Lo ōños ñāqot umbos, sȳndror endie jemēbilza. — If the light remains in the east, the darkness will rule the west.
perfect: ūndetan
v. V-fin. to see, to catch sight of, to sight; when used intransitively to look (eventative of urnegon.)
Olvī voktī Rulloro Qelbriā ūndessun daor. — I don’t see many priestesses of R’hllor in the Riverlands.
Ābre kustittas lue vale ūndetan. — I saw the man who encouraged the woman.
v. Loc. appl. V-fin. to cut out, to cut off ( < u- + nektogon.)
perfect: ūntan
v. C-fin. to count
n. 2sol. total, amount, sum
v. C-fin. to watch. ( < urnegon + -ēbagon.)
Mastas. Valar urnēbis. — It has come. All men must watch.
n. 3ter. watch.
Sesīr Urnēbion Zȳhon Keliton Issa. — And Now His Watch Is Ended.
perfect: ūndan
v. V-fin. to see
Embro tale ūndan. — I saw the ocean's daughter.
perfect + jēdar to be ... years old (lit. "to have seen ... years")
Bȳre hārēpsā jēdari ūndan. — I am thirty-six years old.
Tyrio kepa tōme tōmēpsā jēdari ūndas. — Tyrion's father is fifty-five years old.
Skorverdon jēdaro bonys azantys ūndas? — How old is that knight?
n. 3lun. seer; biarvo urnekio fortune teller ( < urnegon + -kio)
perfect: usōvetan
v. Loc. appl. V-fin. to apologize to s/o→dat. ;for s/o→acc. ( < {u- + sōvegon.)
Mandys azantys ābroti usōvetas. — The courteous knight apologized to the woman.
Ñuhe kepe hobrenke usōvegon yno bēvilza. — I must apologize for my idiotic father.

V

prep.→loc. towards, at, near; →dat. to, all the way up to.
Va oktio remȳti vale jikās. — Send a man to the city gates.
n. 1lun. calf
perfect: vāettan
v. C-fin. to sing
n. 1aq. song
Ziry kīviō dārilaros issa, se zȳhon suvio perzō vāedar issa. — He is the prince that was promised, and his is the song of ice and fire.
n. 1lun. man. Valar morghūlis All men must die, a common greeting. Valar dohaeris All men must serve, the response to valar morghūlis
Henujagon jaelza lua vala mirre henujagon kostas. — Any man who wishes to leave may leave.
adj. I male.(contains -enka.)
n. 1aq. younger brother; younger male cousin by father's brother or mother's sister.
adj. II. Valyrian.
Iōnos Valyre korzī ēza. — Jon has a Valyrian sword.
prop. n. 1lun. Valyria; the Valyrian language.
Zȳha Valyria qupēgrie issa. — His Valyrian is terrible
Valyrio, Valyrio udrir the Valyrian language.
Valyrio muño ēngos ñuhys issa. — Valyrian is my mother tongue.
adj. I. Valyrian. ( < Valyria + -īha.)
n. 2lun. Valyrian, i.e. a Valyrian person, or a person from the Valyrian peninsula. (Substantivized form of Valyrīha.)
n. 2lun. Valyria, a Valyrian person.
n. 2sol. husband ( < vala + -zȳrys.)
Nykēlo syt ūndon daor luo valzȳro ñōghossi ōressiks. — I find myself held by the arms of a husband I never expected to have.
adv. near (possibly the locative of an unknown noun, containing va-)
Vamiot raqiros eman. — I have a friend nearby.
n. 5sol. bull, male head of cattle
v. Loc. appl. C-fin. to near, to approach, to step towards →dat./gen. something ( < va- + the more common udekuragon.)
n. 1aq. mud, filth
perfect: vaogēdan
v. C-fin. (irreg.) to sully, to defile ( < *vaog- seen in vaogenka + -emagon.)
Hae jeme istin. Sindity se liorty, qilonty se ozbārty, qrillaetty se vaogēdy. — I was once as you are now. Bought and sold, scourged and branded, raped and defiled.
adj. I dirty, muddy ( < vaog-, as in dovaogedy, + -enka.)
n. 4sol. spider. (perh. related to vaogenka?)
perfect: vaorestan
v. Loc. appl. C-fin. to prefer, to favor, to like →gen/dat. ( < va- + u- + resagon)
Valo luo vaoresan. — I prefer one which is a man's.
n. 3ter. favor ( < vaoresagon + -non.)
Āeksiot zȳhon vaoreznon jepin, se ziksoso udlissis. — I ask the Lord for His favor, and He responds as He will.
prep. until ( < va + pār, lit. to then)
prop. n. 3lun. Vargo
Vargo hen Qorhot issa. — Vargo is from Qohor.
prop. n. 2sol. Varys
Ninkion vūndoks daor, Varys. — The field has not been surveyed, Varys.
adv. still, as yet, so far ( < va + sīr.)
Se vasīr Drogon ūndetoks daor? — And as yet Drogon hasn’t been sighted?
  • vasrie [ˈvasrie], vajie [ˈvaɟie] -ior
adj. III thin
n. 3sol. anger; inst. vēdroso in anger
Vēdroso, vīlīpti. — In anger, we fought.
Vēdroso azantys kōz dāri idakotas. — In anger the knight attacked the evil king.
perfect: vēdrutan
v. Loc. appl. V-fin. to sleep on →gen. ( < v- + ēdrugon.)
Daor, qurdo vēdrugon kostō daor. — No, you cannot sleep on the table.
Ābri rihot aerēptis se tego vēdrutis. — The women traveled to the valley and slept on the ground.
n. 4sol. fate, doom, including The Doom of Valyria'(perh. akin to vēzos.)
Lodaor hēnkos vējose hae Astaprot Yunkai botilza. — Otherwise, Yunkai will suffer the same fate as Astapor.
in the inst. vējose! interj. "By fate!"
adj. III. southern ( < vēzor + -ōñe.)
n. 2sol. stag, male deer.
n. 3sol. trousers, pants ( < v- + ellagon)
Vala mērī vellaros ziksannā joneves. — The man is wearing only pants and a hat.
n. 1lun. father's older sister, paternal aunt older than father.
Dārys īlve velme majaqsa. — The king admires our aunt.
n. 1lun. father's older sister's child, cousin by paternal aunt older than father.
Riña ñuhī velmannī izūgas. — The girl fears my cousins.
perfect: vēttan
v. C-fin. to arrange; to make (a decision) (cf. verdon.)
Lo jention mirre nūmāzme ēza, iderenna qopsa verdagon issa. — If leadership is about anything, it’s about making hard choices.
n. 1aq°. framework ( < verdagon + -illa, lit. the result of arranging.)
perfect: verdlitan
v. V-fin. to remake, recreate ( < verdagon + -ligon.)
Vȳs verdlios perzomy siglitaks! Dāria Zaldrīzoti! — From the fire she was reborn to remake the world! The Dragon Queen!
n. 3ter. sum, figure, amount, number (cf. verdagon.)
Keson verdon harrenkon iksos daor. — This amount is not appropriate.
prop. n. 3sol. Westeros
Dāria Sīkudo Dārȳti Vestero — the Queen of the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros
perfect: vestretan
v. C-fin. to say
Skoros morghot vestri? — What do we say to death?
with impersonal subject it seems →dat. to
n. 5aq. saying, statement, proclamation, pronouncement (substantivized perfect participle of vestragon, lit. that which has been said.)
n. 5aq. story, tale, narrative, history (substantivized aorist passive participle of vestragon, lit. that which is (ever/habituatlly/generally) told.)
Vestriarja īlōn sōvemagon kostis. — Stories can make us fly.
v. V-fin. to finalise, to set, to settle (eventative of verdagon)
n. 5aq. contest, dispute, match, game (substantivized future participle of vēttegon)
n. 5aq. a law (referring to a specific one), regulation (substantivized perfect participle of verdagon, lit. what has been arranged.)
col. vēttrir the law (all the laws combined to form the full set of laws for a city or state)
Vēttrir vēttrir issa. — The law is the law.
adj. I solar ( < vēzos + -enka.)
vēzenkon qogror. — “solar class”.
n. 3aq. south (cf. vēzos.)
n. 3sol. sun
Vēzos qēlossās ñuho. — My sun and stars.[1]
perfect: viltan future: vunna
v. Loc. appl. C-fin. to be at, to lie at, to rest at, to be in, to be on ( < v- + ilagon)
perfect: vīlīptan
v. C-fin. to fight
Tolvi zijo syt vilībari morghūljosy li henkiri siglīliks. — All those who die fighting for her shall be reborn in kind.
n. 1lun. war, battle; coll. vīlībāzmar warfare, war in the general sense ( < vīlībagon + -āzma.); instr. vīlībāzmosa by combat (concerning a trial)
Vīlībāzma ajomemēbza, yn aderī, mōrī, aōt māzīli se hēnkirī īlvi biarvī manaerili. — The war rages on, but soon, when it is all over, we shall come to you and celebrate together.
n. 3ter. port, landing (perh. < vilagon)
n. 2lun. sauce
v. Loc. appl. C-fin. to stand on →gen. ( < v- + iōragon.)
Ñuho inko viōragon kostā? — Can you stand on my back?
Taobi parmo viōrzi. — The boys are standing on the grass.
prop. n. 3ter. Viserion
prop. n. 2sol. Viserys
Viserys Daenero lēkia issa. — Viserys is Daenerys's brother.
adj. I pure
v. C-fin. (irreg.) to purify ( < vōka, + -emagon.)
Pyryrzy nāpāsirossa vokemilzi, va daorunto ñelli qringaomnā pōjo zālari. — They will purify nonbelievers by the thousands, burning their sins and flesh away.
n. 2sol. priest, priestess. (From a root *vok- pure, also seen in vokemagon, + -tys.)
Voktys Eglie aōt gaomilaksir teptas. — The High Priest gave you a mission.
adj. I. Volantene. ( < Volantis + -īha.)
Jehikarȳ Kinvaro iōrāt, Eglio Vokto hen Rijībliot Volantīhot, Drīvo Perzo, Sylvio Ōño, Dohaeriro Ēlio Āeksiō Ōño syt. — You stand in the presence of Kinvara, High Priestess of the Red Temple of Volantis, the Flame of Truth, the Light of Wisdom, the First Servant of the Lord of Light.
prop. n. 5sol. Volantis
Sȳrior averilla Volantī ilza. — There is good wine in Volantis.
n. 4sol. raven
Vōljesse ēdrusi. — The ravens are sleeping.
num. adj. III ninth.
n. 4lun. foresight; coll. volper caution
num. adj. II nine.
num. ninety.
num. adj. III ninetieth.
adj. I sacred, precious, holy
perfect: vūjitan
v. V-fin. to kiss
Perzo Vūjita — Kissed by Fire
Vala abre vūjitas. Vale abra vūjitas. — The man kissed the woman. The woman kissed the man.[1]
n. 2lun. room (possibly the substantivized passive aorist participle of u- + umbagon, lit. that which one usually stays in)
Drīvose ñuhā vumbiarzȳ ēdrun. — Actually, I am sleeping in my room.
perfect: vūndan
v. Loc. appl. V-fin. to survey + gen. ( < v- + urnegon, lit. "to see at".)
Ñuho dārio vurnīlā, ñuhus talus? — Will you survey my kingdom, my daughter?
Ninkion vūndoks daor, Varys. — The field has not been surveyed, Varys.
n. 3sol world, planet
Vȳs verdlios perzomy siglitaks! Dāria Zaldrīzoti! — From the fire she was reborn to remake the world! The Dragon Queen!

Y

n. 3ter. knee
perfect: ȳdratan
v. Obl. appl. V-fin. to speak, to speak to →acc. ( < i- + udir.)
Brandon vōlī ȳdragon kostas. — Bran can speak to ravens.
of languages, →inst.
Quptenkos Ēngoso ȳdrassis? — Do you speak the Common tongue?
Udrirzi Valyrio ȳdrā? — Do you speak Valyrian?[1]
adj. I safe
Ȳghāpī īlōn rāelza — He holds us safe
perzo bē ȳgha fireproof (lit. safe on (the subject of) fire)
v. V-fin. to smell
Sȳrior havon ykynan. — I smell good bread.
n. 3ter. moss
conj. but.
qilōni pilos lue vale tolvie ossēnātās, yn riñe dōre ōdrikātās. — slay every man who holds a whip, but harm no child.
adj. I narrow
n. 3sol. neck
Sparo gevie yrgos kony issa? — Whose beautiful neck is that?
n. 3sol. art

Z

n. 4ter°. crystal a specific one (cf. zāeron.)
n. 3ter. crystal the substance (cf. zāeres.)
n. 6col.3ter. crystal formation, crystal (collective of zāeron.)
perfect: zaltan
v. C-fin. to burn. va daorunto zālagon to burn away, to burn to nothing
Pyryrzy nāpāsirossa vokemilzi, va daorunto ñelli qringaomnā pōjo zālari. — They will purify nonbelievers by the thousands, burning their sins and flesh away.
n. 2sol. burn, burn mark, evidence of burning ( < zālagon + -arys)
prop. n. 3ter. Dragonstone. ( < shortening from Zaldrīzo dōron)
adj. invar. all-powerful, indestructible, invincible (idiomatic use of the comitative of zaldrīzer, lit. "with all the dragons".)
Taoba zaldrīzerme jenti majaqsa. — The boy admires the indestructible leader.
n. 4sol. dragon. ( < zālagon + rīza.)
Zaldrīzes buzdari iksos daor. — A dragon is not a slave.
zaldrīzo ānogar — Blood of the dragon
adv. yesterday
Zān hen Lyvot ābre ūndan. — Yesterday I saw a woman from Lys.
Zān kari zaldrīzī ūndan. — Yesterday I saw a magnificent dragon.
n. 1lun. jade ( < Asshai'i [ðʰeːa] "jewel")
n. 3ter. inn, hotel ( < zentys + -urlion.)
Dāria arlȳro zenturliot ēdrus. — The queen is sleeping at a new hotel.
n. 2sol. guest
Bisi vali īlvyz zentyssy issi. — These men are our guests.
n. 1aq. the Jade Sea (cf. zēa)
v. Insv. V-fin. to cover, to cover up of things ( < z- + geltigon)
Prūbresse avera zgeltisi. — The apples are covering the grapes.
Drūr sōni tegon zgeltīlzi. — Tomorrow the snows will cover the ground.
perfect: zgiēñēdan
v. Insv. C-fin. (irreg.) to cure, to treat, to heal of things e.g. a drug or procedure ( < z- + giēñemagon)
n. 3sol. cure, medicine, treatment ( < zgiēñemagon + -vos)
n. 3ter. apothecary, pharmacy ( < zgiēñemvos + -urlion, lit. "medicine place")
n. 1lun. hat, cap ( < ziksos + -anna.)
Vala mērī vellaros ziksannā joneves. — The man is wearing only pants and a hat.
n. 3sol. neck, scalp (the part of the body extending from the back of the head and covering the back of the ears and the back of the neck, down to where the spine begins.)
adv. as one will, as one likes, as one wishes, in the way one will, in one's way where one can be replaced by you, he, she, it, they; as accustomed, as expected (inst. of ziksos.)
Āeksiot zȳhon vaoreznon jepin, se ziksoso udlissis. — I ask the Lord for His favor, and He responds as He will.
perfect: zīrtan
v. C-fin. to freeze intransitive; to become frozen
adj. I frozen (pass. perf. part. of zīragon.)
zīrtys perzys frozen fire, dragonglass, obsidian
pers.pron. he, she, (it) (solar & lunar).
refl. 1lun. himself, herself, itself
adj. III dark; black; dark-colored; grey (dark); purple
Tīkuni Zōbrī, Udra Zōbriar — Dark Wings, Dark Words
n. 1lun. wolf
Zokla kēlio kostōbirī angotas. — The wolf bit mightily into the lion.
v. V-fin. to entice, to entreat →loc. somebody ( < zokla + -ākogon.)
Iōnot zoklākō? — Are you enticing Jon?
n. 3sol. little wolf ( < zokla + -ītsos.)
perfect: zūgdan
v. C-fin. to be afraid, to fear →dat.
Morghot nēdyssy sesīr zūgusy azantys vestras. — The knight says that even the brave men fear death.
n. 4sol.6col. fear (uncountable)
Sȳndroso lykāpa, myrdomy aderpa, iēdrosa gīdāpa. Zūger korzose trūmȳtrī nektossis. — Quiet as a shadow, swift as a deer, calm as still water. Fear cuts deeper than swords.
n. 4sol. fear (countable)
  • zȳha [ˈzyːha] -ys, -on, -or
poss. adj. I his, her, its.
poss.pron. 3ter. his, hers, its.
Zȳhon suvio perzō vāedar issa. — His is the song of ice and fire.

Further Information

For information on conjugation, declension, etc. see the pages below.

High Valyrian Verb Conjugation

High Valyrian Verb Tables

High Valyrian Noun Declensions

High Valyrian Adjectives

High Valyrian Pronouns


Interested in additional vocabulary? Please see the below page for an unofficial word list.

High Valyrian Non-Canonical Vocabulary

Notes

  1. 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 Peterson, David (2015). The Art of Language Invention : from Horse-Lords to Dark Elves, the words behind world-building. New York, New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-312646-1. 
  2. Generally, when it comes to "being" in a certain place, ilagon must be used. In some contexts sagon may also be used, but the rule is not yet clear. We know that "Who is at the Inn at the Crossroads?" must be Sparos Īliliot Zenturliot ilza? ( ˣissa is not permitted here), but "Where are my dragons?" may be either Skoriot Skoriot ñuhyz zaldrīzesse issi? or Skoriot Skoriot ñuhyz zaldrīzesse ilzi?
  3. "I suppose it really depends on how the speaker is feeling. You could certainly drop it straight into the lunar declension I paradigm (same as vala). You could also just strip the final -a in everything but the nominative singular and put it into the paradigm for borrowings. It’s a foreign word, so you never know." —DJP
  4. An example of the adjective used on its own, agreeing with an empty (i.e. absent) aquatic noun in the dative plural, implying a location.
  5. http://dedalvs.tumblr.com/post/137111885757/ahhhhhhh-i-havent-been-on-tumblr-in-a-few-days | New Yorkī was changed to Nuiōrkī to stay true to the High valyrian spelling and alphabet.
  6. It is possible that this should actually be Rullōr [rul'loːr]: "I just kept an irreɡular stress pattern, since it’s a borrowinɡ. That said, it’s not as if the rules are hard and fast for how a borrowed word should be rendered. It very well could come out as Rullōr. That wouldn’t explain its nominative stress pattern (word-final), but it would explain the rest of the paradiɡm." —DJP
  7. Tegun is actually "land" (paucal, terrestrial). Tegor would work if you need to say "lands" collective (e.g. "These are my various lands").—DJP, email, 2-9-2014.

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