User:Aegon/Word Derivation

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A work in progress. All information is from an analysis of existing lexicon.

Noun Derivation

The derivation of a new noun in High Valyrian occurs through attaching a suffix to a root. Note that sound and spelling changes may occur.

From a Noun

Augmentative Noun

An augmentative noun enhances and intensifies the concept conveyed through the word. There exist three suffixes that may derive augmentative nouns from nouns: -io, -albar, and -āzma.

Observations:

1. Judging from the word family nopon (hole, pit), nopalbar (cave), and nopāzma (hell), -āzma may exceed -albar in augmentation.
2. A third aquatic noun ending in -or has the o deleted and the r retained; this is called a vowel elison or syncope.

Examples of the Augmentative Suffix
		Word	Meaning	Derived Noun	Derived Noun Meaning
-io		kēli	cat	kēlio	lion
-āzma		bantis	night	bantāzma	long night, midnight or the darkest part of the night
-āzma		brāedion	copper	brāedāzma	bronze
-āzma		jelmio	wind	jelmāzma	storm, violent wind
-āzma		nopon	pit, hole	nopāzma	hell
-āzma		nūmo	seed	nūmāzma	meaning, essence, the truth of it
-albar		egros	edge, blade, sword	egralbar	spear
-albar		geltion	roof	geltialbar	meeting place, gathering place, exhibition hall
-albar		geron	path, walk, walkway	geralbar	road, street, way, thoroughfare (ready and ample)
-albar		nopon	hole, pit	nopalbar	cave
3aq		jūlor	milk	jūlrāzma	cheese

From an Adjective

Abstract Nouns

Derive abstract nouns that have the English meaning of -ness from adjectives. Class I adjectives use the suffix -āves, Class II, -ves, and Class III, -ives.

Observations:

1. For roots of Class II adjectives ending in -n, replace -n with -m.

Examples of Adjective Abstraction
		Word	Meaning	Derived Noun	Derived Noun Meaning
Class I		dobotēda	ignorant, untutored, clumsy	dobotēdāves	ignorance
Class I		gīda	equal, even, steady, stable	gīdaves	equality
Class I		nākostōba	weak	nākostōbāves	weakness
Class I		qrinuntenka	hostile, villainous, antagonistic	qrinuntenkāves	antagonism
Class II		biare	fortunate, lucky, happy	biarves	happiness, jubilation, luck, fortune
Class II		dāerior	free	dāerves	freedom, liberty
Class III		eglie	high, superior, good	eglives	Highness, height; grace, a title of respect for a ruler
Class III		gevie	beautiful	gevives	beauty
-n root		bāne	something that feels hot	bāmves	heat emanating or radiating off of or from something
-n root		kirine	happy	kirimves	joy

From a Verb

Action Nouns

The suffix -non derives action nouns from verbs. In general, c-fin verbs have -agon replaced with -non and v-fin verbs retain the final vowel to which -non is added.

Observations:

1. For verbs ending in -jagon, the stem ends before the j.
2. For verbs ending in -ēbagon, the stem ends with -en.
3. For stems ending in -ñ, -b, or -l, replace this consonant with -n.
4. For stems ending in -s, replace this consonant with -z.

Examples of the Action Suffix
		Word	Meaning	Derived Noun	Derived Noun Meaning
C-fin		ērinagon	to win	ērinnon	victory
C-fin		vaoresagon	to prefer, to favor, to like	vaoreznon	favor
V-fin		iotāptegon	to respect	iotāptenon	respect
V-fin		dakogon	to run	dakonon	running
-jagon		gierūljagon	to gather, assemble	gierūlnon	assembly, gathering, crowd
-ēbagon		iderēbagon	to choose, to decide	iderennon	choice, decision

Agent Nouns

To derive agent nouns associated with the one performing a verb, generally use the suffixes -kio for v-fin and -io for c-fin. V-fin verbs will retain the final vowel in the root.

Observations:

1. For v-fin verbs with the ending -ligon, the root ends in -l.

Examples of the Agent Suffix
		Word	Meaning	Derived Noun	Derived Noun Meaning
V-fin		kȳvagon	to plan	kȳvakio	strategist
V-fin		laodigon	to steal	laodikio	their, robber, plunderer
V-fin		qrimpālegon	to betray, double-cross	qrimpālekio	traitor, turncoat, double-crosser
V-fin		sētegon	to smith, to forge	sētekio	smith, forger
C-fin		kaerīnagon	to save, to deliver	kaerīnio	savior
C-fin		kostagon	to be able to, can, may	kostio	hero, champion
C-fin		lioragon	to sell	liorio	seller, monger, purveyor
C-fin		mīsagon	to protect, defend	mīsio	protector
C-fin		sytiotāpagon	to advise, counsel	sytiotāpio	advisor
-ligon		judligon	to respond to, answer	judlio	archon

Implement Nouns

The suffix -vos derives implement nouns from verbs. Only c-fin verbs attested to; to them, replace -agon with -vos.

Examples of the Implement Suffix
		Word	Meaning	Derived Noun	Derived Noun Meaning
C-fin		hepagon	to climb, to ascend	hepvos	ladder, stairs, staircase
C-fin		mīsagon	to protect, to defend	mīsvos	armor
C-fin		ohīlagon	to stab	ohīlvos	dagger, knife
C-fin		qrimbrōzagon	to curse	qrimbrōzvos	curse
C-fin		zgiēñemagon	to cure, to treat, to heal of things	zgiēñemvos	cure, medicine, treatment

Event Nouns

The suffix -nes derives event nouns from verbs. In general, c-fin verbs have -agon replaced with -nes and v-fin verbs retain the final vowel to which -nes is added.

Observations:

1. For verbs ending in -ēbagon, the stem ends with -en.

Examples of the Event Suffix
		Word	Meaning	Derived Noun	Derived Noun Meaning
V-fin		dakogon	to run	dakones	race
C-fin		iderēbagon	to choose, to decide	iderennes	trial
C-fin		rhovagon	to make a loud noise	rhovnes	auction

Evidence Nouns

The suffix -arys derives nouns that indicate the evidence of a verb. In general, c-fin verbs have -agon replaced with -arys. V-fin verbs retain the final vowel and drop the a in -arys such that -rys is added.

Examples of the Evidence Suffix
		Word	Meaning	Derived Noun	Derived Noun Meaning
V-fin		ēdrugon	to sleep	ēdrurys	dream
V-fin		massigon	to happen	massirys	the present
V-fin		sētegon	to make, to form, to shape	sēterys	form, shape
C-fin		heghagon	to slaughter	hegharys	carcass of an animal
C-fin		jaelagon	to want, to wish, to hope	jaelarys	hope
C-fin		rūnagon	to remember	rūnarys	nostalgia, reverie, trauma

From a Noun or Verb

Diminutive Nouns

Diminutive nouns shrink the concept conveyed through a word into a smaller version. There exist three diminutive suffixes: -ītsos, -iapos, and -anna.

Observations:

1. -ītsos only derives nouns from nouns; -iapos and -anna may derive nouns from nouns and verbs.
2. -ītsos seems to indicate the smaller version of a noun.
3. -iapos seems to derive articles of clothing and consumable items associated with a verb.

Examples of the Diminuative Suffix
		Word	Meaning	Derived Noun	Derived Noun Meaning
-ītsos		kēli	cat	kelītsos	little cat, kitty
-ītsos		naejon	front, torso	naejītsos	forehead
-ītsos		perzys	fire, flame	perzītsos	little flame
-ītsos		riña	girl, child	riñītsos	little child, little girl
-ītsos		qēlos	star	qēlītsos	candle
-ītsos		zokla	wolf	zoklītsos	little wolf
-iapos		gēlion	silver	gēliapos	silver coin
-iapos		grevion	waist, circumfrence	greviapos	belt
-iapos		laodigon	to steal, abduct	laodiapos	mask
-iapos		parklon	meat	parkliapos	burger
-iapos		rūnagon	to remember	rūniapos	letter, note
-anna		bartos	head	bartanna	skull
-anna		ziksos	neck, scalp	ziksanna	hat, cap
-anna		soljagon	to sail	soljanna	rudder

Side-Product Nouns

Side-Product nouns indicate an indirect concept associated with a word. Most end in the suffix -illa; however, -īlla and -ella may occur in special cases.

Observations:

1. For verbs ending with uragon, use the suffix -īlla.
2. For stems ending in -ē, remove the macron and add an l to the root.
3. For verbs ending in -egon, retain the e and add a t after or use the suffix -ella.
4. A third aquatic noun ending in -or has the o deleted and the r retained.

Examples of the Side-Product Suffix
		Word	Meaning	Derived Noun	Derived Noun Meaning
Noun		āro	barley	ārilla	beer
Noun		avero	grape	averilla	wine
Noun		grozion	trench, ditch, furrow	grozilla	boundary, border, bound, limit
Noun		kostion	power, might, ability	kostilla	value, worth, cost, importance
Noun		pungos	nose	pungilla	nostril
C-fin		mazumbagon	to settle down	mazumbilla	Nest, roost, in general, the area around the place one has settled in
C-fin		tepagon	to give	tepilla	mercy
C-fin		verdagon	to arrange, make a decision	verdilla	framework
3aq		sȳndor	shadow	sȳndrilla	color
-uragon		qlādīlluragon	to put stripes on	qlādīlla	stripe, strip, ray, bar
-egon		rakegon	to take part in	rakella	experience (a specific experience)
-egon		pālegon	to turn, twist, rotate	pāletilla	crown
-ē root		ēs	bee	elilla	honey

From a Verb, Adjective, or Noun

Profession Nouns

Profession nouns may be derived from other nouns, verbs, or adjective and may end with the suffixes -tys, -rys, or -dys.

Observations:

1. For v-fin verbs, the suffix -tys changes to -rys.
2. For verbs ending in -emagon, this suffix is dropped from the root.
3. For verbs ending in -jagon, retain the a as the last letter in the root.
4. If the root ends in -gh, change the final consonant in the root to -d and lengthen the preceding vowel.
5. If the root ends in -d drop this consonant.
6. If the root ends in -mb, change -m to -n and drop the b
7. If the root ends in -b, change it to -p.

Examples of the Profession Suffix
		Word	Meaning	Derived Noun	Derived Noun Meaning
Adjective		qana	sharp	qantys	crab
C-fin		sēnagon	to kill	sēntys	killer, slayer
C-fin		tepagon	to give	teptys	teacher, instructor, mentor
V-fin		arghugon	to hunt	arghurys	hunter
V-fin		jurnegon	to look at, regard, examine	jurnerys	watch, sentry
-gh root		heghagon	to slaughter, to prepare food	hēdys	butcher
-d root		azandy	short sword, sword	azantys	knight, soldier, warrior
-mb root		qrinumbagon	to occupy, to antagonize	qrinuntys	occupier, enemy, villain, foe
-b root		quba	low, poor, inferior, bad	quptys	heathen, pagan, infidel
-emagon		vokemagon	to purify	voktys	priest, priestess
-jagon		pryjagon	to destroy, break, strike off	pryjatys	destroyer, breaker

Place Names

Derive nouns representing the place a verb occurs in general using the suffixes -ion for c-fin verbs and -lion for v-fin verbs where the final vowel is retained in the new noun. Derive them from nouns or adjectives in general using the suffix -urlion.

Observations:

1. A root ending of -b uses the suffix -lion.
2. A root ending of -āb uses the suffix -ion.

Examples of the Place Suffix
		Word	Meaning	Derived Noun	Derived Noun Meaning
Adjective		gevie	beautiful	gevurlion	park
Noun		ārilla	beer	ārillurlion	tavern
Noun		laes	eye	laehurlion	face
Noun		zentys	guest	zenturlion	inn, hotel
Noun		zgiēñemvos	cure, medicine, treatment	zgiēñemvurlion	apothecary, pharmacy
V-fin		īligon	to cross, to crossover	īlilion	crossing, crossroads
V-fin		sētegon	to smith, to forge	sētelion	forge, smithy, works
V-fin		sindigon	to buy	sindilion	market, marketplace
C-fin		jiōragon	to welcome, accept, recieve	jiōrion	reception hall, receiving room, audience chamber
-b root		rijībagon	to praise, worship, obey	rijīblion	temple, church
-āb root		rāenābagon	to clean, wash off	rāenābion	bathroom

Verb Derivation

From a Verb

Temporary Verbs

A temporary verb represents an action with an expected short duration. Derive temporary verbs from verbs with the prefix mī- for words beginning in consonants and mīv- for vowels.

Examples of Temporary Verbs
		Word	Meaning	Derived Verb	Derived Verb Meaning
mīv-		indigon	to push, to intend	amīvindigon	to taunt, to torture, to torment, to frustrate, to infuriate of things/inanimates
mīv-		ojughagon	to lose, misplace	mīvojughagon	to forget, misplace
mī-		jāelagon	to store, to house	mījāelagon	to pawn, to accept as pledge, to accept as pawned

Causative Verbs

Causative verbs relate to the causes and effects of an action. Derive causative verbs from verbs with the suffix -kagon; use the suffix -ikagon for verbs or nouns.

Observations:

1. -kagon appears to convey what causes the verb; -ikagon appears to convey what the verb causes.
2. -kagon if used with a v-fin verb, appears to delete the final vowel in the root.
3. For -kagon, if the root ends in -z, replace it with -s and remove the macron on the prior vowel.
4. For -ikagon, if the root ends in -t with o as the root vowel, replace o with u.
5. For v-fin verbs of the class -agon, they may follow the pattern seen in ropakagon of retaining the final vowel with -kagon or changing the i in -ikagon to a.

Examples of Causative Verbs
		Word	Meaning	Derived Verb	Derived Verb Meaning
-kagon		hōzigon	to swell, to swell up	hōskagon	to cause to swell; to inspire pride in, to make proud
-kagon		ropagon	to fall	ropakagon	to cause to fall, to push over, to knock down
-ikagon		hōzigon	to swell, to swell up	hōzikagon	to boil
-ikagon		kisagon	to eat	kisikagon	to feed
-ikagon		kostagon	to be able to, can, may	kustikagon	to strengthen, enable, encourage
-ikagon		ōdres	pain, damage	ōdrikagon	to harm

From an Adjective

Inchoative Verbs

Inchoative verbs convey the sense of entering into a state with the suffixes -ūljagon for type I and II adjectives and -iljagon for type III adjectives.

Examples of ūljagon Verbs
		Word	Meaning	Derived Verb	Derived Verb Meaning
Adjective		gierior	whole, complete, together	gierūljagon	to gather, assemble, congregate, get together
Adjective		iosre	cold	iosrūljagon	to cool, to become cold, to cool off
Adjective		morghe	dead	morghūljagon	to die
Adjective		rāpa	soft	rāpūljagon	to soften
-iljagon		ūbrie	ripe, mature, ready	ūbriljagon	to ripen, mature, grow

From an Adjective or a Verb

Factitive Verbs

Factitive verbs convey providing the accusative object some property and have the suffix -emagon that literally means to have. Note that all verbs formed will retain the irregularity of emagon.

Observations:

1. Suffix does not appear to distinguish between c-fin and v-fin verbs.
2. When used with a verb, the new word seems to convey making the accusative object take an action.
3. When used with an adjective, the new word appears to convey the giving of the adjective to the accusative object.
4. For adjectives ending in -enka, drop the whole suffix and add -emagon.
5. If the adjective root ends with -k, remove the macron from the preceding vowel (if it has one).

Examples of Factitive Verbs
		Word	Meaning	Derived Verb	Derived Verb Meaning
C-fin		botagon	to endure, to work, to suffer	botemagon	to make work, train, tutor, instruct
V-fin		sōvegon	to fly	sōvemagon	to make fly
Adjective		dāerior	free	dāeremagon	to free, to liberate
Adjective		dija	hot, warm	dijemagon	to warm, to warm up, to make warm
Adjective		gīda	equal, even, steady	gīdemagon	to steady, stabilize; to even up, equalize
Adjective		lyka	quiet, silent, calm	lykemagon	to silence, to calm
Adjective		qana	sharp	qanemagon	to sharpen
Adjective		quba	low, poor, bad, inferior	qubemagon	to lower
Adjective		rāpa	soft	rāpemagon	to soften
Adjective		ūbrie	ripe, mature, ready	ūbremagon	to raise, to rear, to tend, to grow
Adjective		vaogenka	dirty, muddy	vaogemagon	to defile
Adjective		vōka	pure	vokemagon	to purify

From a Noun or Verb

Repetitive Verbs

A repetitive verb captures the sense of repeating an action a finite number of times. Derive repetitive verbs from verbs with the prefix ā- or from verbs and nouns with the suffix -ligon.

Observations:

1. ā- appears to act like the English prefix re-.
2. From sikagon with attested examples of both ā- and -ligon, ā- seems to have a more precise meaning than -ligon.
3. For -ligon, replace roots ending in -k with -g.
4. ar- for v-fin verbs has been seen as a rule yet no examples could be located.

Examples of Repetitive Verbs
		Word	Meaning	Derived Verb	Derived Verb Meaning
ā-		māzigon	to come, to arrive	āmāzigon	to return, to come back, to go back
ā-		mazverdagon	to create	āmazverdagon	To recreate, to remake
ā-		sikagon	to give birth to, to ignite	āsikagon	To give rebirth to
-ligon		sikagon	to give birth to, to ignite	sigligon	to give birth to anew; to reinstantiate, to reinitiate, to restart, to reboot; to reignite
-ligon		udir	word	udligon	to respond, to answer, to reply
-ligon		verdagon	to arrange, to make (a decision)	verdligon	to remake, the recreate