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=Lesson 4| Adverbs and Prepositions= | =Lesson 4| Adverbs and Prepositions= | ||
Note: copy/paste from Latin wikibook to see what it looks like. | Note: copy/paste from Latin wikibook to see what it looks like. | ||
==Vocabulary== | |||
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==Comparatives and Superlatives of Adjectives == | |||
There are four types of adjectives: Positive (the 'normal' adjective, eg. the <B>brave</B> man: vala <B>nēdenka</B>), Comparative (eg. the <B>braver</B> man, or the <B>rather brave</B> man: vala <B>nēdenkykta</B>) and Superlative (eg. the <B>bravest</B> man, or the <B>very brave</B> man: vala <B>nēdenkāje</B>). The Equative type has very scarce examples and will be skipped for it is not yet clear how to use it. Comparatives generally look like ''-kta'', Superlatives look like ''-je'', and Equatives look like ''-pa''. | There are four types of adjectives: Positive (the 'normal' adjective, eg. the <B>brave</B> man: vala <B>nēdenka</B>), Comparative (eg. the <B>braver</B> man, or the <B>rather brave</B> man: vala <B>nēdenkykta</B>) and Superlative (eg. the <B>bravest</B> man, or the <B>very brave</B> man: vala <B>nēdenkāje</B>). The Equative type has very scarce examples and will be skipped for it is not yet clear how to use it. Comparatives generally look like ''-kta'', Superlatives look like ''-je'', and Equatives look like ''-pa''. |
Revision as of 12:09, 27 April 2024
Lesson 4| Adverbs and Prepositions
Note: copy/paste from Latin wikibook to see what it looks like.
Vocabulary
Lesson Vocabulary | |
---|---|
High Valyrian | English |
nēdenka (adj. I) | brave |
bōsa (adj. I) | long |
hēnka (adj. I) | same |
kōz (adj. II) | evil, wicked, bad |
adere (adj. II) | quick, fast, slippery, sleek, smooth |
vala (1lun.) | man |
anne (4lun.) | horse |
brōzi (5lun.) | name |
egry (2lun.) | knife, razor |
azantys (2sol.) | knight, soldier, warrior |
jaos (3sol.) | dog |
zaldrīzes (4sol.) | dragon |
bantis (5sol.) | night |
qintir (5aq.) | turtle |
mālor (3aq.) | rice |
drīves (4sol.) | justice, truth, right, reason, excuse |
vējes (4sol.) | fate, doom |
Astapor (3aq.) | Astapor |
Yunkai (6for.) | Yunkai |
aderī (adv.) | soon, quickly |
tolī (adv.) | above, overhead; after, afterward; beyond, too much, too, excessively |
ēza | he/she has |
ȳdragon (v-fin.) | to say to |
kisikagon (c-fin.) | to feed |
mijegon (v-fin.) | to lack |
brōzagon (c-fin.) | to name |
enkagon (c-fin.) | to owe |
jomīsagon (c-fin.) | to wear, carry |
leghagon (c-fin.) | to fill |
merbugon (v-fin.) | to hunger |
āeksākogon (v-fin.) | to say to |
baelagon (c-fin.) | to help, to aid, to assist someone |
hakogon (v-fin.) | to pull, bother, affect, annoy |
jehākogon (v-fin.) | to cheer, to cheer up, to brighten the mood of |
jemagon (v-fin.) | to lead, guide |
naenākogon (v-fin.) | to multiply, increase |
qrinumbagon (c-fin.) | To stay beyond one’s welcome, to occupy |
rāelagon (v-fin.) | to maintain, to keep, to hold onto, to hold back, to retain in some place or state |
zoklākogon (v-fin.) | to entice, to entreat |
sēnagon (c-fin.) | to kill |
Comparatives and Superlatives of Adjectives
There are four types of adjectives: Positive (the 'normal' adjective, eg. the brave man: vala nēdenka), Comparative (eg. the braver man, or the rather brave man: vala nēdenkykta) and Superlative (eg. the bravest man, or the very brave man: vala nēdenkāje). The Equative type has very scarce examples and will be skipped for it is not yet clear how to use it. Comparatives generally look like -kta, Superlatives look like -je, and Equatives look like -pa.
Class | comparative | superlative | equative |
I | -ykta | -āje | -āpa |
II | -kta | -je | -pa |
III | -ikta | -ije | -ipa |
All comparatives and equatives are declined like class I adjectives while superlatives are declined like class II adjectives, and thus must match the gender of the noun the comparative or equative modifies. Stem changes may occur when appending theses suffixes.
bōsa | bōsykta | bōsāje | bōsāpa |
long | longer | longest | as long |
dokimare | dokimarkta | dokimarje | dokimarpa |
focused | more focused | most focused | as focused |
sylvie | sylvikta | sylvije | sylvipa |
wise | wiser | wisest | as wise |
The comparative and the equative use the instrumental of comparison where the item being compared to is in the instrumental case. The below example features the genitive case, used to indicate possession and a possessive adjective declined in the instrumental case to agree with the instrumental of comparison. The comparative adjective rovyktys agrees with zaldrīzes in declination.
Explanation- David's dragon is bigger than your dragon. | ||||||
High Valyrian: | Davido(1) | zaldrīzes | aōhos(2) (inst.) | zaldrīzose(3) (inst.) | rovyktys | issa. |
English: | David's | dragon | your (inst.) | [with] [the, a] dragon | bigger | is. |
- (1) Davidi, David (6for.). Davido, (gen.)
- (2) aōhys, your (2sol.). aōhom, your (inst.)
- (3) zaldrīzes, dragon (4sol.). zaldīzose, (inst.)
Irregular Adjectives
Fortunately, there are only a few irregular adjectives.
Meaning | Positive | Comparative | Superlative | Equative |
pretty | litse | līsta (prettier) | līje (prettiest) | līspa (as pretty) |
true | drēje | drīkta (truer) | drīje (truest) | drīpa (as true) |
Examples:
High Valyrian | English |
Iōnos Daeneromy nēdenkyktys issa | Jon is braver than Daenerys |
Daenerys Iōnoso dokimarktys issa | Daenerys is more focused than Jon |
Daenerys sylvije issa | Daenerys is the wisest |
Iōnos Daeneromy sylvipys issa | Jon is as wise as Daenerys |
The Instrumental Case
The Instrumental Case (inst.) means 'with' and conveys the means through which a verbal action is completed. It is used for inanimate objects; for animate objects, use the comitative case to convey accompaniment in the sense of 'along with'.
Examples in English:
- The knight kills the lion with a sword.
- I eat rice with a fork.
A sentence like 'I went to the market with Alysanne' would take the comitative case.
You may have noticed there are a good amount of noun declinations in High Valyrian; don't get overwhelmed--they are not all equally frequent. One way to approach this is to do a census of nouns and focus study on the most frequent declinations. About 40% of nouns fall into the third solar and third terrestrial declination; about 50% fall into first aquatic, first lunar, second lunar, second solar, third lunar, and fourth lunar--the final 10% are third aquatic, fourth lunar, fourth terrestrial, fifth aquatic, and fifth lunar.
The first lunar, third lunar, and third terrestrial have forms that include an 'i' in their endings, like āeksio. The usual instrumental forms take the endings -osa, -oso, and -oso; with 'i' in the ending, they become -ȳsa, -ȳso, and -ȳso.
Declination | Nominative | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|---|
1lun. | val-a | val-osa | val-ossi |
1aq. | qelb-ar | qelb-rosa | qelb-rossi |
2lun. | egr-y | egr-omy | egr-ommi |
2sol. | azant-ys | azant-omy | azant-ommi |
3lun. (io) | āeks-io | āeks-ȳso | āeks-ȳssi |
3sol. | ri-os | ri-oso | ri-ossi |
3sol. (contracting) | jao-s | jao-so | jao-hossi |
3ter. | lent-on | lent-oso | lent-ossi |
3aq. | māl-or | māl-roso | māl-rossi |
4lun. | ann-e | ann-ose | ann-ossi |
4sol. | zaldrīz-es | zaldrīz-ose | zaldrīz-ossi |
5lun. | brōz-i | brōz-ȳsi | brōz-ȳssi |
5sol. | bant-is | bant-ȳsi | bant-ȳssi |
5aq. | qint-ir | qint-ȳsi | qint-ȳssi |
adj. I | rōv-a (ys on or) | rōv-os (os os ros) | rōv-os (os os ros) |
adj. II | sȳz (sȳrior) | sȳr-os (ȳs) | sȳr-os (ȳs) |
adj. III | sylvie (ior) | sylv-ios (ȳs) | sylv-ios (ȳs) |
A number of verbs convey a special meaning when used with the instrumental case:
Verb | Meaning | Instrumental use |
---|---|---|
kisikagon | to feed | the food being fed |
mijegon | to lack | the item lacked |
brōzagon | to name | the name |
enkagon | to owe | the item owed |
jomīsagon | to wear, carry | the item worn |
leghagon | to fill | the instrument due to which an item is filled |
merbugon | to hunger | the item hungered for |
Exercise 1
Translate the following sentences to High Valyrian.
I hunger for rice. |
Mālroso merbun. |
A wolf is bigger than a turtle. |
Zokla qintrȳsi rōvykta issa |
The house is smaller than the mountain. |
Lenton blēnoso bykykton issa. |
You are lacking a strong horse. |
Kostōbos annose mijē. |
Adverbs
Adverbs modify the verb in the clause. The adverb may be placed to begin the clause, after the subject of the verb, or immediately before the verb. Unlike adjectives and substantives, adverbs do not have declension or gender. And thus they are referred to as being 'indeclinable.'
There exist three types of adverbs in High Valyrian: (1) Temporal, related to the passage of time; (2) Locative, related to place and location; (3) Manner, related to how the action is performed.
Temporal and Locative adverbs are most commonly placed at the beginning of a clause; however, they may be place directly before the verb.
Manner adverbs, equivalent to in English adding -ly to an adjective, are most commonly placed either before the verb or after the subject; however they could begin a clause to place emphasis on the adverb.
Some adverbs like aderī can be either a temporal/locative adverb (soon) or a manner adverb (quickly), so be consistent with placement. Perhaps, place temporal/locative always at the beginning of a clause and for manner adverbs, generally before the verb or if emphasis on the adverb is wanted, after the subject. This stylistic suggestion is simply that--a suggestion. The critical point--be consistent so you can read your own writing!
For example, the first two sentences showcase temporal/locative and manner adverb placement and the second two illustrate how placement can change emphasis:
High Valyrian | English |
Aderī lentot dekōs | Run home soon |
Lentot aderī dekōs | Run home quickly |
Daenerys aderī āeksia sēnas | Quickly Daenerys killed the masters |
Daenerys āeksia aderī sēnas | Daenerys killed the masters quickly |
Adverbs are formed from class I adjectives usually through replacing the suffix appended to the stem with the -irī. For class II and class III adjectives, the suffix appended is replaced with -ī. Adverbs may also originate from nouns in the dative case, locative case, or instrumental case.
For example:
- drīves (truth) -> drīvose (truly; lit. with truth)
- sȳrior (good) -> sȳrī (well)
- adere (fast) -> aderī (soon, quickly)
Exercise 2
This exercise illustrates how adverb placement can change the meaning of a sentence.
After Daenerys kills the masters |
Tolī Daenerys āeksia sēnas (any placement is correct) |
Daenerys kills the masters excessively |
Daenerys āeksia tolī sēnas (any placement is correct) |
Daenerys excessively kills the masters |
Daenerys tolī āeksia sēnas (any placement is correct) |
Conjunctions
Conjunctions are indeclinable particles that join clauses together to form sentences. Examples of forms of conjunctions in English are: and, but and so. Conjunctions are either coordinating (joining two main clauses) or subordinating (joining a subclause to a main clause).
List of Common Conjunctions | |
Coordinating Conjunctions | |
iā | or, either |
sepār | and so, therefore |
se | and |
sesīr | and now, and so |
yn | yet, nevertheless, however, although, but |
Subordinating Conjunctions | |
kesrio syt | because, for; on account of this |
hegnīr | so that |
lodaor | otherwise |
skorȳso | because |
lo | if |
skorī | when |
Exercise 3
Based upon your reading of the table of conjunctions, how would one translate these sentences?
Sȳz iksā iā kōz iksā sesīr drīves yne ȳdrās. |
You're good or you're bad and so tell me the truth. |
Lodaor hēnkos vējose hae Astaprot Yunkai botilza. |
Otherwise, Yunkai will suffer the same fate as Astapor. |
Prepositions
You have met a few prepositions already and may have noticed they are indeclinable and genderless. Prepositions are placed before substantives and adjectives. Prepositions take only the locative, covered below, or dative case. All prepositions take the locative case and two of them may take both, however their meanings differ depending on the case.
List of Common Prepositions | |
Prepositions Taking the Locative Case | |
hae | as, like, similar to; in the guise of, in the manner of, acting as |
hen | from; since |
va | towards; at, near |
Prepositions Taking The Dative Case | |
va | to, all the way up to |
hen | of, out of; because of, on account of, thanks to, for; as |
The Locative Case
The Locative Case (loc.) indicates the location and time of the action of a verb; it may be translated as in, into, on. The locative case commonly lengthens the theme vowel of a noun's ending and plurals often end in -oti and -ȳti.
Remember the locative copula, ilagon, from the first lesson? It looks like ilza in the third person indicative present and occurs frequently with the locative case where one would usually use issa.
The first lunar, third lunar, and third terrestrial have forms that include an 'i' in their endings, like āeksio. The usual locative forms take the endings -ā, -ot, and -ot; with 'i' in the ending, they become -iā, -iot, and -iot.
Declination | Nominative | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|---|
1lun | val-a | val-ā | val-oti |
1aq | qelb-ar | qelb-ār | qelb-roti |
2lun | egr-y | egr-ȳ | egr-ī |
2sol | azant-ys | azant-ȳ | azant-ī |
3lun* (io) | āeks-io | āeks-iot | āeks-ȳti |
3sol* | ri-os | ri-ot | ri-oti |
3sol (contracting) | jao-s | jao-hot | jao-hoti |
3ter* | lent-on | lent-ot | lent-oti |
3aq* | māl-or | māl-rot | māl-roti |
4lun | ann-e | ann-ē | ann-oti |
4sol | zaldrīz-es | zaldrīz-ē | zaldrīz-oti |
5lun | brōz-i | brōz-ȳsi | brōz-ȳssi |
5sol | bant-is | bant-ī | bant-ȳti |
5aq | qint-ir | qint-īr | qint-ȳti |
adj. I | rōv-a (ys on or) | rōv-ā (ȳ ot rot) | rōv-o (ī o ro) |
adj. II | sȳz (sȳrior) | sȳr-ē (ȳr) | sȳr-o (ȳ) |
adj. III | sylvie (ior) | sylv-iē (ȳr) | sylv-io (ȳ) |
3lun., 3sol., 3ter., and 3aq. have identical singular and plural endings in the dative case. |
A number of verbs take a locative object and have a certain meaning. If you see a verb ending in -ākogon it will always take a locative object!
Verb | Meaning | Locative Use |
---|---|---|
āeksākogon | to champion | what is being championed |
baelagon | to help | what is being helped with |
hakogon | to pull, to bother | where is item pulled from; what is bothering |
jehākogon | to cheer | who is being cheered up |
jemagon | to lead | where one is led from |
naenākogon | To increase | what is being increased |
qrinumbagon | to occupy | what is occupied |
rāelagon | to retain | state is item retained in |
zoklākogon | to entice, to entreat | who is being enticed |
Exercise 4
Translate the following prepositional phrases.
from the mountains |
hen blēnoti |
like a wolf |
hae zoklā |
va rōvrot kostōbrōt qelbār |
to the big and strong river |
Translate to High Valyrian.
The greatest dragon is in the big canyon. |
Karāje zaldrīzes rōvot rihot ilza. |
We hunt at night. |
Bantī arghī |
Soon, the master will return to the river from the mountain. |
Aderī āeksio qelbār hen blēnot āmāzis. |
Kill the master when he returns to the kingdom because he is evil. |
Āeksio sēnās skorī dāriot āmāzis skorȳso ziry kōz issa. |