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Revision as of 20:55, 25 October 2021
Lesson 3|Infinitive Constructions
If you recall from section 1-3, the infinitive is simply the form of the verb that means 'to' something, like 'to fight', 'to win', or 'to love.'
A shared subject construction adds an infinitive (or more) to the main conjugated verb that shares the preceding nominal argument that takes the following syntax:
nominal argument |
---|
infinitive |
---|
secondary infinitive |
---|
conjugated verb |
---|
A number of verbs commonly serve to augment infinitives in shared subject constructions:
Verb | Meaning |
---|---|
baelagon | to help |
indigon | to intend (refl.) |
kostagon | to be able to, can, may |
gīmigon | to know how to |
gaomagon | to allow |
rakegon | to take part in |
sylugon | to try |
Examples
High Valyrian | English |
henujagon jaelza lua vala mirre henujagon kostas | any man who wishes to leave may leave |
This sentence features a relative clause with two shared subject constructions present. The first, henujagon jaelza, has jaelagon conjugated and thusly reads as 'he wants to leave' as a standalone phrase. The second, henujagon kostas reads as 'he can leave.' Note that the adjective modifying the head noun of the relative clause is postpositive, or occurring after the noun. Kostas and jaelza are simply tacked on after the infinitive to express that the infinitive can occur and is wanted to occur respectively.
High Valyrian | English |
gēlȳndi aōt tepagon jaelas, hegnīr aōhys rūs ipradagon kostos | he only wants to give you money, so your baby can eat |
Here, two shared subject constructions occur within a purpose clause that includes hegnīr as covered in the subjunctive section. The first, tepagon jaelas reads as 'he wants to give;' the second, ipradagon kostos, he may eat with the uncertainty conveyed through the subjunctive.
Exercise 1
Translate the following English to High Valyrian.
Bran can speak to ravens |
Brandon vōlī ȳdragon kostas |
the Red Priests help to bring peace to Meereen |
Meli Voktyssy Mīrīnī lyks mazverdagon baelza |
can you try to write to me? |
ynot bardugon sylugon kostā? |
the man took part in fighting the evil queen for the river |
vala qelbrot kōz dāria vīlībagon rakes |
Obligations
Obligations have two flavors: a light obligation that may be translated as 'should' and a strong obligation translated as must. In High Valyrian, these two verbs generally appear in the third person singular and do not have a subject; they have an object--the one involved in the obligation. Shared subject constructions may be used with obligations as we will learn below.
Sytilībagon translates as 'should' and takes an accusative argument.
Bēvilagon translates as 'must' and takes a genitive argument.
nominal argument |
---|
infinitive |
---|
object of obligation/subject of infinitive |
---|
obligation verb |
---|
Examples
High Valyrian | English |
laodiaposo jomīsagon avy sytilības | you should wear a mask |
Avy is the accusative argument of sytilības and indicates 'you' should wear a mask. Remember, jomīsagon is a verb that takes the instrumental case for the item to be worn. Note that sytilības is NOT conjugated to the second person.
High Valyrian | English |
sōlutti gūrogon aōhe mandie sytilības | your older sister should get a scroll |
The accusative argument of sytilības may also be modified with an adjective that must agree in case, number, and gender like this example; aōhe mandie, your older sister. What should she do? Clearly, get a scroll.
High Valyrian | English |
dāriot ñuho kepo kaston havon usōvegon yno bēvilza | I must apologize to the queen for my father's blue bread |
Yno is in the genitive case to serve as the argument of bēvilza. Dāriot is the indirect object and appears in the dative case. Notice how in Ñuho kepo kaston havon, kaston is accusative as it modifies the bread, not 'my father!' If your father, however, was a Smurf, you would say ñuho kasto kepo havon for 'my blue father's bread.'
High Valyrian | English |
dāriot azantī jiōragon rakegon Daenero bēvilza | Daenerys must take part in welcoming the knights to the kingdom |
This example shows how a shared subject construction may complement an obligation construction. Jiōragon rakegon is the shared subject construction that takes as its subject, Daenero, in the genitive case to agree with bēvilza.
Exercise 1
Translate the following English to High Valyrian.
you must command the kingdom's knights |
dārioti azantyssy jentagon avy bēvilza |
I should take part in cheering the woman up |
ābrot jehākogon yne sytilības |
my mother must try to feed the dog rice |
mālroso jaos kisikagon sylugon ñuho muño bēvilza |
should I stay or should I go? |
umbagon yne sytilības iā jagon yne sytilības? |